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National agricultural university of Ukraine

National agricultural university of Ukraine “ Modern biotechnologies as new stage of nature evolution ” Kiev , NAU , 3-5 November 2008. World population: 1750 – 2050. Further growth, but at drastically declining rates. 12.0. 0.9. 0.8. 0.7. 9.0. 0.6. 0.5.

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National agricultural university of Ukraine

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  1. National agricultural university of Ukraine “Modern biotechnologies as new stage of nature evolution” Kiev, NAU, 3-5 November 2008

  2. World population: 1750 – 2050 Further growth, but at drastically declining rates 12.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 9.0 0.6 0.5 Annual increments (billions) 6.0 Total population (billions) 0.4 0.3 3.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 2050 Source: UN, 2003

  3. Population growth is concentrated in developing countries

  4. Urban and Rural Population – 1950-2030 Source: UN, World Population Assessment 2002

  5. Rising consumption of livestock products

  6. WORLD from 6.05 billion to about 7.5 billion Sources: ADB, POPCOM

  7. To feed this population... world cereal production should increase by 50%!

  8. Wheat: actual versus potential yields (high input, suitable land, rain-fed) 8 7 Potential 6 Actual 5 4 t/ha 3 2 1 0 Iran USA Brazil Turkey Ukraine Ethiopia Tanzania Germany Argentina

  9. World markets and export opportunities

  10. Global problems (addition): Urbanisation

  11. Global problems: Water

  12. Global problemsand issues: • Claims on natural resources • Land • Water • Energy • Nutrients • Claims on labour

  13. With increasing demand for food and limiting resources... we need better and more efficient ways to produce food one option is through Biotechnology

  14. Bio - life Technology - any technique or procedure to develop new products

  15. Biotechnology - any technique that uses whole or part of a living thing to make new products, improve or develop plants, animals and other organisms for specific use

  16. GE of animals GE of plants GE to improve microorganisms GE to develop animal vaccines Recombinant DNA for disease diagnostics GE of biocontrol agents against plant pest & diseases Monoclonal anti body production Plant protoplast fusion Plant tissue culture Embryo transfer Fermentation, Biofertilizers

  17. Insulin for diabetes Interferon for treating cancer Hepatitis B vaccine

  18. Using living organisms to clean the environment

  19. Food biotechnology Improved food quality and food processing Better tasting More nutritious Cleaner food

  20. Better breeds of livestock and poultry • leaner meat • more milk • Vaccines Animal biotechnology

  21. Crops biotechnology Tissue cultured planting materials High yielding crops Varieties resistant to pests and diseases Diagnostic kits Improved post harvest qualities

  22. Technique that transfers gene(s) of interest to develop and improve plants, animals and other organisms Genetic engineering

  23. Where are the differences among technologies? Crop Plant Wild Relative Wild Relative Crop Plant ConventionalBreeding Classical technology Genetic Engineering Modern technology

  24. DNA – is similar biochemical structure for all biodiversity! Conventional Breeding • limited to exchanges between the same or very closely related species • little or no guarantee of obtaining any particular gene combination from the millions of crosses generated • undesirable genes can be transferred along with desirable genes • take a long time to achieve desired results Genetic Engineering • allows the direct transfer of one or just a few genes, between either closely or distantly related organisms • crop improvement can be achieved in a shorter time compared to conventional breeding

  25. Genomics How much information do we need for life? sequenced sequenced sequenced Arabidopsis (Model) 150,000,000* Rice 420,000,000* Maize 2,500,000,000 Wheat > 3000 books of 1000 pages 16,000,000,000 sequenced 30,000 - 40,000 Genes sequenced Genes = 90% similar to Rice Genes = 90% similar to Rice • Genome Size Number ofbases (ATCG) Bacteria (E. coli)> 1 book of 1000 pages 5,000,000* Yeast 12,000,000* Human 3,000,000,000* • The most important Crops of the World (70%) Rice - Smallest Genome, good Model System Maize - 6 x bigger as Rice, 80% repeated Sequences Wheat - 40 x bigger as Rice 90% repeated Sequences sequenced

  26. From Genomics to New Germplasm The 2 Phases of Biology Phase 2 Marker Assisted Breeding B i o i n f o r m a t i c s New Plant Traits New Genes in Genetically Modified Plants New Germplasm Reverse Genetics Forward Genetics Genotype Phenotype GeneRNAProteinsMetabolitesOrganisme DNA SequenceMapTranscriptomeProteome MetabolomeProfiling Genomics Platform Phase1

  27. Negative impacts in plant breeding Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Gene Wild species Early (first steps) varieties Modern varieties Domestication decreasing biodiversity! Tanksley and McCouch, Science 1997 August 22; 277: 1063-1066

  28. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) = Transgenics Products developed through genetic engineering

  29. Energy: In need of vast areas • Plants fix no more than 3% of solar energy in sugars • 1.2 ton oil per hectare = 1000 liter diesel = 20.000 km • Consider the energy balance: 0.5 liter for 1 liter bio fuel

  30. 140 120 Total Industrial 100 Developing 80 60 40 20 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Global Area of Biotech Crops, 1996 to 2007: Industrial and Developing Countries (Million Hectares) Source: Clive James, 2008

  31. 70 Soybean 60 Maize Cotton 50 Canola 40 30 20 10 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Global Area of Biotech Crops, 1996 to 2007: By Crop (Million Hectares) Source: Clive James, 2008

  32. Herbicide Tolerance Insect Resistance Herbicide Tolerance/Insect Resistance Global Area of Biotech Crops, 1996 to 2007: By Trait (Million Hectares) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Source: Clive James, 2008

  33. M Acres 160 396 148 Conventional 140 346 Biotech 120 297 91 100 247 80 198 60 148 35 40 99 27 20 49 0 0 64% 43% 24% 20% Soybean Cotton Maize Canola Global Adoption Rates (%) for Principal Biotech Crops (Million Hectares) 2007

  34. Biotech Crop Countries and Mega-Countries, 2007

  35. Genetic code: could we change it? Do we have the rights from the Nature?

  36. Biotechnology – is scientific nuclear energy. It can be used as reactor for electricity supply or nuclear bomb for human and all biodiversity. During our conference in Kiev up to 1 billion World’s population are hungry. We must decide how to change it as soon as possible. Everything in our brains, hands and souls. Дякую за увагу! Спасибо за внимание! Thanks for attention!

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