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STEM CELLS

STEM CELLS. By: Harsukh B, Ritu P, Yuchi W, Faiza J, Jathuson J. Targeted Areas of Discussion. Biological Background Technology Used in the Process Ethical and Social Issues Political Issues Economic Issues Current Medical Use Future Vision for this Technology.

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STEM CELLS

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  1. STEM CELLS By: Harsukh B, Ritu P, Yuchi W, Faiza J, Jathuson J

  2. Targeted Areas of Discussion • Biological Background • Technology Used in the Process • Ethical and Social Issues • Political Issues • Economic Issues • Current Medical Use • Future Vision for this Technology

  3. Biological Background

  4. General Properties of All Stem Cells Can divide indefinitely Undifferentiated cells Can transform into any type of body cell Contain the enzyme telomerase—which allows cells to grow and proliferate There are two types of stem cells: Human Embryonic Stem Cells Adult Embryonic Stem Cells

  5. Properties of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Able to continue dividing indefinitely without losing their genetic structure Can be manipulated without losing cell function Cells are pluripotent: able to differentiate into all the 220 cell types in the adult body.

  6. Where do we get the Embryos? In the In vitro fertilization the embryos not used for fertilization are frozen and are used for this research Come from embryos that are in blatocyst stage A stage where a pair of stem cells are grouped together which later differentiate to form the human. Are derived from the epiblast tissue of the inner cell mass (ICM) of a blastocyst Scientist can then form cell lines: a stock of living embryonic stem cells without always having to obtain them from a human embryo because they reproduce into identical daughter cells under ideal conditions

  7. Scientists and their Work Scientists remove the pluripotent cells using a pipette and transfer them into a Petri dish in a lab Human Embryonic Stem cells are grown on a feeder layer of mouse embryonic fibroblasts and require the presence of basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Scientists add various chemicals to direct the growth of the cells Embryonic Stem cells, being pluripotent cells, require specific signals for correct differentiation or they differentiate into all the different types of body cells

  8. Issues If injected directly into another body, Embryonic Stem cells will differentiate into many different types of cells, causing a teratoma. Every time Embryonic Stem cells are transplanted they have a different genetic background than the patient- can lead to rejection of the cells Bacteria Infested Cell

  9. Properties of Adult Stem CellsAKA Somatic Stem Cells Undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue Role: to maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found May remain undifferentiated until needed Not many of them in a tissue Different types: hematopetic stem cells(give rise to blood cells) and mesenchymal stem cells(give rise to bone, cartilage, fat cells)

  10. Reproduction Can make identical copies of themselves as long as the person is alive Produce a intermediary cell called a precursor cell which matures into the copy of the Adult Embryonic stem Cell Research suggests that these cells do not particularly differentiate into the organ they are set, they can divide into many other types of cells this process is known as plasticity Ex. Bone stem cells can differentiate into liver cell

  11. Benefits They avoid the rejection of stem cells from transplantation because they are generated from the same individuals body Successful in treating leukemia and related bone/blood cancers through bone marrow transplants Used in veterinary medicine to treat tendon and ligament injuries in horses

  12. Issues Harder for scientists to manipulate them with different chemicals Hard to find one undifferentiated stem cell amongst billions of differentiated cells Grow slowly and have a limited life span when grown in an in vitro in a lab

  13. How do ALL the stem cells differentiate? Internal signals which are controlled by cell genes External signals: Chemicals secreted by other cells Physical contact with neighboring cells

  14. Technology Used in the Process

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