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Prepared by: Azarias Dolores Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Utah State University

ECE5320 Mechatronics Assignment#01: Literature Survey on Sensors and Actuators Topic: EKG (Electrocardiogram) Sensor. Prepared by: Azarias Dolores Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Utah State University azariasd@gmail.com ; T: ( 435)225 -4575; F: (435)797-3054 (ECE Dept.).

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Prepared by: Azarias Dolores Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Utah State University

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  1. ECE5320 MechatronicsAssignment#01: Literature Survey on Sensors and Actuators Topic: EKG (Electrocardiogram) Sensor Prepared by: Azarias Dolores Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Utah State University azariasd@gmail.com ; T: (435)225 -4575; F: (435)797-3054 (ECE Dept.) 2/02/09

  2. Outline • Reference list • To explore further • Major applications • Limitations • Illustration of Hot Wire Probe • Pros and Cons • Constant Temperature Hot Wire Anemometer • Wheatstone Bridge Configuration • Using current to find flow rate • Calibration • Good to Know • Probe Cost Examples • Major Specifications • Where to buy ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  3. Reference list • course1.winona.edu/ewilson/documents/26ch19_000.ppt • http://www.tufts.edu/med/nutrition-infection/tnc-cdaar/protocols/EKG.pdf • http://www.hst.aau.dk/~kdn/undervis/Basis/EKG6539A.pdf • http://www.emedicinehealth.com/electrocardiogram_ecg/page8_em.htm#Multimedia • http://www.iaa.ncku.edu.tw/~jjmiau/exp/download/ch3_%20960129.pdf • medresidents.stanford.edu/.../EKG%20Basics/EKG%20Basics%20-%20Long.ppt • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ECG_12derivations.png#filelinks • http://www.scribd.com/doc/7332867/ECG-Circuit-Guide • http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1502357&userType=inst&tag=1 • http://www.electrodesales.com/el503.html ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  4. To explore further • Understanding how sensor works. • www.etc.cmu.edu/projects/biofeedback/research/ekg.doc • www.fourier-sys.com/pdfs/sensors/ECG_DT189.pdf • The understanding of Electrocardiography. • Conover, Mary Boudreau. Understanding Electrocardiography, Seventh Edition. St. Louis: Mosby, 1996. • course1.winona.edu/ewilson/documents/26ch19_000.ppt Carr, Joseph J. and John M. Brown. Introduction to Biomedical Equipment Technology. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1981. • Wagner, Galen S. Mariott’s Practical Electrocardiography, Ninth Edition. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkens, 1994.. • Next use of this sensor. • www.etc.cmu.edu/projects/biofeedback/research/ekg.doc ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  5. Major applications Investigation: • Measuring cardiac electrical potential • Heart rate • Respiration rate • Oxygen level • Determine the axis of the heart • Heart waveform after the ingestion • Core body temperature • Blood pressure ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  6. Major applications (cont.) • Using 6 electrodes or leads we are able to measure the cardiac electricity, heart rate, respiration, temperature, waveform and blood pressure. Chest leads location [2] ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  7. Major applications (cont.) • Temperature can be determine, heart rate, and waveform. Standard leads location [2] ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  8. Electrocardiogram Principle • There is an unequal concentrations of ions on the muscle cells membranes what means a polarization. This just happen at rest. On the outside membrane there is sodium ions with positive charge different from the inside cell. • The difference of the cell potential is about 90 mV[3]. Cell Membrane [3] ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  9. Electrocardiogram Principle (cont.) • The muscle stimulate the cell causing an increment of sodium permeability. This allow the sodium ions get until the inside layer causing an electrical field. • This change of cell potential or voltage pulse causes a muscle contraction. • The sum of this voltage pulse can be recorded on the surface skin on the cardiac muscle by the electrodes. • A recording of the heart’s electrical activity is an electrocardiogram[3]. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  10. EKG Leads Principle • Two different points on the body (bipolar leads. These are standard limb leads) . • One point on the body with another point reference with a zero electrical potential, located in the center of the heart (unipolar lead. These are augmented limb leads). Leads measurement points ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  11. EKG Leads Principle There are 12 leads: - 3 Standard Limb Leads (I,II,III) • I positive signal left arm (LA) or right arm (RA) • II + left leg (LL) or (RA) • III + (LL) or (LA) - 3 Augmented Limb Leads (aVR, aVF,aVL) • aVR +(RA), - (LA) & (LL) • aVF +(LL), - (RA) & (LA) • aVL +(LA), - (RA) & (LL) - 6 Precordial Leads (V1-V6 or Y1 –Y6) Leads groups and location Precordial Leads [2] ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  12. Leads Waveform • The image in the right is the waveform of what it is sense (heart beating). • The plane diagram illustrate the phase degree of what each leads is sensing in the same signal. Wave & leads sense degree Wave sequence [4]. Phase degree of the signal [6]. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  13. Leads Waveform • Leads signal at the same time period Wave & leads sense degree Wave sequence [4]. Phase of the signal in each lead [7]. Phase degree of the signal [6]. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  14. Waveform • P wave - represents the electrical signal in the upper chambers(depolarization of the atria) of the heart and occurs before the atria contract to squeeze blood into the lower chambers (the ventricles). Repolarization of the atria is hidden by the QRS wave. • QRS wave - represents the electrical signal that occurs before the ventricles squeeze blood out through the aorta and to the body (depolarization of the ventricles). • T wave - represents the electrical signal that occurs just before the upper chambers of the heart expand and refill with blood (repolarization of the ventricles). Response time[1]. Wave sequence [4]. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  15. A Simple Configuration • This is a simple circuit to eliminate common noise using and differential amplifier. • More complex data processing and filtering using DSP. Simple Differential amplifier [8]. EKG typical implementation [9] ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  16. Major Sensor Specification • Voltage output from 0 to 4.5 mV • Resolution around 4.5µV • Sample rate 50-200 samples per second • Default sample rate 200 (sps) • Range 47-250 beats per minutes • Resolution 1 beat per minute ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  17. Additional Equipment Needed  • USB Link (ps-2010) with USB-compatible computer or a PS-2000 Xplorer. • DataStudio Life software (version 1.7 or later) • Science Workshop software version 2.2 or higher. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  18. Maintenance • Kept electrodes refrigerated in a clean, dry, airtight. • The presence of metal or magnets on the body can disturb EKG signal. • Clean the areas of skin where the patches will be attached with a paper towel to remove dead skin and oil. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  19. Different Electrodes Shapes Disposable Electrodes • Reusable Electrodes [10] [10] • Needle Electrodes • Active Electrodes [10] [10] ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  20. Where to buy • http://www.vermed.com/?gclid=CNeHqZyEs6ACFRkcawodsCFQUA • http://www.progressivemed.com/estylez_ps.aspx?searchmode=category&searchcatcontext=~020EQUIP~EKGS~EKGS-Z-ACC&gclid=CMvKnbOEs6ACFQaiagod7zVLSQ • http://www.facelake.net/ekg80a.html ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

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