Dr. Samuel Andrew Hardy

1. metal-detectorists, ‘even from Sweden’, in Turkey, Greece and Cyprus: online social organisation of treasure-hunting in the Eastern Mediterranean Dr. Samuel Andrew Hardy Post-Doctoral Research Fellow in Cultural Heritage and Conflicts at the Norwegian Institute in Rome for the Heritage Experience Initiative of the University of Oslo samarkeolog@gmail.com / s.a.hardy@roma.uio.no / @conflictantiq https://conflictantiquities.wordpress.com Investigating and Policing Antiquities Trafficking and Forgery in a Digital Age, Stockholm, Sweden, 25th-26th April 2019

2. law on the island of Cyprus southern, Greek Cypriot admin northern, Turkish Cypriot admin unlicensed excavation of archaeological sites is illegal metal-detecting on or around archaeological sites has been explicitly illegal since 1994 import or possession of an unlicensed detecting device that is or could be used at an ancient site on the surface, underground or underwater is illegal use of a detecting device to find antiquities, or with the intent to find antiquities, is illegal • unlicensed excavation of archaeological sites is illegal • metal-detecting on or around archaeological sites has been explicitly illegal since 1996 • possession or use of a detecting device at an archaeological site, at an ancient monument or near (within 500 metres of) an ancient monument is illegal • use of a detecting device to find or detect antiquities is illegal • licensed detecting is legal in unprotected areas

3. law in Greece and Turkey Greece Turkey searching for antiquities is a licensed activity hunting for treasure is a licensed activity the law is well-known and its text is distributed by treasure-hunters who use metal-detectors, such as Vakko (2019) • metal-detecting is a licensed activity in designated locations of “non-archaeological” deposits, such as beaches • the law is widely known and it is displayed by enterprises that offer ‘Rentals – Sales – Exchanges – Repairs [and] Upgrades’ (e.g. Gold Detector – Vlachos Team, 2013)

4. law and implementation ‘If, for example, the check happens in or near the archaeological site and the suspect has in their possession a detector and digging equipment, then it is exceedingly probable that they have or were going to excavate. If, however, the check happens in [Athens neighbourhood] Patisia, for example, and only the detector is found in their vehicle, then its use does not ensue (nor is it probable), in which case there is no infringement.’ (sakis01, 2014)

6. searches in English, Greek and Turkish Google Scholar Google Web metal detecting forum treasure hunting forum metal detectors sold (which should also find metal detectors bought) metal detecting and Cyprus or Greece or Turkey metal detectors sold and Cyprus or Greece or Turkey antiquities and detector and caught or detained or arrested and Cyprus or Greece or Turkey • “metal detecting” and “illicit antiquities” • “metal detecting” and “antiquities” and looting • “metal detectors” and “illicit antiquities” • “metal detectors” and “antiquities” and looting • “metal detecting” and “ethnography” or “poll” or “survey”

7. searches in English, Greek and Turkish Facebook Pages and Groups Facebook Pages and Groups in English detectors Turkey in Turkish detector hoard treasure treasure hoard treasure hunter treasure hunting • in English • detectors Cyprus • detectors Greece • in Greek • gold detectors • metal detectors • treasure hunters

8. complicated arrangements • one detectorist may have three detectors (e.g. Hür Haber, 2013) • two detectorists may share five detectors (e.g. Trakyalı Haber, 2016) • one detectorist may have two detectors (e.g. Ülkücü Haber, 2017) • one detectorist may have one detector (e.g. Milliyet, 2015) • three detectorists may collaborate while each having one detector (e.g. Malkara Son Haber, 2014) • four detectorists may loot together while sharing four detectors (e.g. RadyoGönül, 2015) • five detectorists may loot together while sharing three detectors (e.g. Konya Kent Haber, 2008) • two detectorists may loot together while sharing one detector (e.g. Milliyet, 2016) • four detectorists may loot together while sharing one detector (e.g. Marmara Gazetesi, 2017) • four detectorists may collaborate while sharing one detector (e.g. Yerel Haber, 2016) • five detectorists may loot together while sharing one detector (e.g. Son Dakika 23, 2017) • six detectorists may loot together while sharing one detector (e.g. Kathimerini, 2018a) … and sometimes a ‘small crane’ and an ‘intercom system’ as well (Kathimerini, 2018a)…

9. ‘foreign detectorists, even from Sweden’ (Souliotis, 2006) • interest from the USA (e.g. busytire01, 2009) to the UK (e.g. Skialps, 2015) to the Netherlands (e.g. blauwmarc, 2006) • foreign residents and visiting tourists seek advice on effective equipment and productive sites (e.g. ~Alan~, 2010; bigthano, 2008; busytire01, 2009b)

10. Facebook page for treasure-hunters in Turkey, 12th April 2019