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Chapter 2: Planning for Server Hardware

Chapter 2: Planning for Server Hardware. System Requirements. Use the Windows 2000 Server basic system requirements as a starting point from which to develop server computer specifications. Windows 2000 Server Hardware Requirements.

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Chapter 2: Planning for Server Hardware

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  1. Chapter 2: Planning for Server Hardware

  2. System Requirements • Use the Windows 2000 Server basic system requirements as a starting point from which to develop server computer specifications

  3. Windows 2000 Server Hardware Requirements Table 2-1 Minimum Hardware Requirements to Install Windows 2000 Server

  4. Windows 2000 Server Hardware Requirements Table 2-1 Minimum Hardware Requirements to Install Windows 2000 Server

  5. Windows 2000 Server Compatibility • Check the Microsoft hardware compatibility list (HCL) before selecting computer hardware for a server

  6. Hardware Listed in the HCL • Single-processor computers • Multiprocessor computers • Processor upgrades • PCMCIA hardware • SCSI adapters and drives • Video adapters

  7. Hardware listed in the HCL • Network adapters • Audio adapters • Modems • Printers • Tape devices • Uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs)

  8. CPU Sizing • Select a fast processor • Architecture • clock speed

  9. Pentium Computers • Processor cache: A data storage area that is only used by the system processor. • Level 1 (L1) cache, usually 8 - 64 KB, built into the processor • Level 2 (L2) cache that supplements L1 cache and is usually 256 KB to 1 MB.

  10. L2 Cache in Different Pentium Processors • Pentium processor: L2 cache is usually an SRAM chip on the mother board • Pentium Pro: L2 cache is built into the chip • Pentium II and III: L2 cache is on a daughter board • Celeron processor: has no L2 cache • Xeon processor: has special L2 caching for extra speed

  11. Multiprocessor Computers • Symmetric multiprocessor (SMP): employs two or more processors, including some computers that can support up to 32 processors

  12. Clustering Computers • Shared disk model: Linking two or more servers to operate as one and to equally share resources

  13. Shared Disk Clustering Figure 2-1 Shared disk clustering model

  14. Clustering Computers • Shared disk nothing model: Linking two or more servers to operate as one, but with each owning particular disk, CD-ROM, and tape resources

  15. Shared Nothing Clustering Figure 2-2 Shared nothing clustering model

  16. Bus Architectures • Industry Standard (ISA): 8-bit and 16-bit bus architecture dating to the early 1980s • Extended Industry Architecture (EISA): 32-bit bus built on the ISA architecture with faster throughput by means of bus mastering

  17. Bus Architectures (continued) • Micro channel Architecture (MCA): 32-bit bus proprietary to IBM computers and having a slightly faster transfer rate than EISA • Peripheral Computer Interface (PCI): 32-bit and 64-bit bus with the fastest data transfer rate and local bus capability

  18. I2O Architecture • Intelligent input/output (I2O): A computercommunications architecture that removes some of the I/O processing activities from the main processor to I2O processors on peripherals designed for I2O architectures, such as hard disks. I2O devices use one general device driver for all I2O-compliant devices.

  19. I2O Communications Figure 2-3 I2O communications architecture

  20. Plug and Play • Plug and Play: Ability of added computer hardware, such as an adapter or modem, to identify itself to the computer operating system for installation

  21. USB • Universal serial bus: A bus standard that enables you to attach all types of devices to one bus port on a computer. • Up to 127 devices • Hot-swappable • Developed to replace the traditional serial and parallel bus technologies on computers.

  22. Choosing NICs • Network interface card: An adapter board designed to connect a workstation, server, or other network equipment to a network medium.

  23. NIC Components • A connector for the network medium • A transceiver • A controller for MAC protocol communications and addressing • Protocol control firmware

  24. NIC Duplex Modes • Half duplex: ability to send or receive signals, but not simultaneously • Full duplex: capacity to send and receive signals at the same time

  25. Setting the Duplex Mode Figure 2-4 NIC Duplex Mode setting

  26. Memory Sizing Guidelines Table 2-3 Memory Guidelines

  27. Memory Type • Make sure that the memory used in a server is error checking and correcting (ECC) • EEC: Memory that can correct some types of memory problems without causing computer operations to halt • Min. 128 MB • Preferably 256 MB

  28. Disk Capacity • Estimate disk capacity to include: • Operating system files • Software files • Data and database files • User files • General public files • Utility files • Server management files

  29. Example Disk Capacity Calculation

  30. Example Disk Capacity Calculation

  31. Disk Drive Design Issues That Affect Disk Contention • Speed of the individual disks • Speed of the disk controllers • Speed of the data pathway to the disks • Number of disk pathways • Disk caching

  32. Disk Drive Interfaces • Integrated Device Electronics (IDE): An inexpensive hard disk interface that is used on Intel-based computers from the 80286 to Pentium computers • Enhanced Small Device Interface (ESDI): An early device interface for computer peripherals and hard disk drives

  33. Disk Drive Interfaces • Small Computer System Interface (SCSI): A 32- or 64-bit computer adapter that transports data between one or more attached devices, such as hard disks, and the computer

  34. Simple Disk Controller Architecture Figure 2-5 Disk controller connecting a disk drive

  35. SCSI Architecture Figure 2-6 Ultra SCSI adapter connected to two disk drives and a tape drive

  36. SCSI Interface Data Transfer Rates Table 2-5 SCSI Interface Data Transfer Rates

  37. Troubleshooting Tip • Omitting the cable terminator is a common problem when connecting several devices to one SCSI adapter. If you experience difficulty recognizing hard disk storage during the Windows 2000 Server installation, check to make sure the terminator is connected to the last device on the SCSI cable.

  38. Design Tip • One method to significantly increase performance on a server • two or more hard disk drives on different adapters.

  39. Setting Up Multiple Disk Pathways Figure 2-7 Using two SCSI adapters to create separate data paths for hard disk drives

  40. Fibre Channel • For disk intensive applications, consider using Fibre Channel as an alternative to SCSI. • Fibre Channel is a high-speed method for connecting computer peripherals, such as disk drives, to servers and other host computers through copper and fiber-optic cable. Current implementations of Fibre Channel in Windows 2000 servers provide data transfer rates of up to 1 Gbps.

  41. Disk Mirroring • Disk mirroring: A fault tolerance method • duplicating data from a main disk to a backup disk.

  42. Disk Mirroring Architecture Figure 2-8 Disk mirroring

  43. Disk Duplexing • Disk duplexing: A fault tolerance method • duplicates data to second disk on a different controller

  44. Disk Duplexing Architecture Figure 2-9 Disk duplexing

  45. RAID Fault Tolerance • RAID level 0: Disk striping with no redundancy • RAID level 1: Disk mirroring or duplexing • RAID level 2: Disk striping across an array of disks in which all disks store error-correction data in case of a disk failure

  46. RAID Fault Tolerance • RAID level 3: Similar to RAID level 2, but error-correcting data is stored on only one disk • RAID level 4: Similar to RAID level 2, but an added feature is checksum verification data stored on one disk • RAID level 5: Similar to RAID level 4, but error-correction and checksum data are spread over all disks

  47. RAID Supported by Windows 2000 • RAID level 0 • RAID level 1 • RAID level 5

  48. Features of the Windows 2000 Disk Management Snap-in • Status information about drives • Ability to create and format partitions • Ability to change drive letter assignments • Support for FAT and NTFS drives • Ability to create mirrored, striped, RAID-5, and spanned volumes

  49. Disk Management Snap-in Figure 2-10 Windows 2000 Disk Management snap-in

  50. Issues Affecting Disk Fault Tolerance Selection • Importance of the data • Tolerance for down time when a failure occurs • Amount of data that must be stored • How fast the data must be accessed • Budget for equipment purchases and support

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