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Archezoa

Archezoa. Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista Phylum Archaezoa. Looking Back at Bio 115. Cellular Structure (cell = unit of life)…one or many! Metabolism = Homeostasis (PSN, Resp, N 2 fix, ferment, etc.) Growth = irreversible change in size Reproduction…failure = extinction

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Archezoa

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  1. Archezoa Domain Eukarya Kingdom Protista Phylum Archaezoa

  2. Looking Back at Bio 115 Cellular Structure (cell = unit of life)…one or many! Metabolism = Homeostasis (PSN, Resp, N2fix, ferment, etc.) Growth = irreversible change in size Reproduction…failure = extinction Acclimatization-short term responses = behavior Adaptation-long term responses = evolution The Organism as a Unit of Life

  3. Lumpers Splitters Animalia Protista Shifting Kingdoms

  4. Multicellular Animals Archezoans Euglenoids Slime Molds Archaebacteria Brown Algae Protozoans Chrysophytes Red algae Green Algae Bryophytes Myxozoans True Fungi Tracheophytes Bacteria 8 5 3 2 1 Extant How Many Kingdoms? Protista appears Extinct Long Time with Prokaryotes only Original Cell

  5. Multicellular Animals Archezoans Euglenoids Slime Molds Archaebacteria Brown Algae Protozoans Chrysophytes Red algae Green Algae Bryophytes Myxozoans True Fungi Tracheophytes Bacteria 8 5 3 2 1 Extant How Many Kingdoms? Protista refined Protista appears Extinct Long Time with Prokaryotes only Original Cell

  6. Multicellular Animals Archezoans Euglenoids Slime Molds Archaebacteria Brown Algae Protozoans Chrysophytes Red algae Green Algae Bryophytes Myxozoans True Fungi Tracheophytes Bacteria 8 5 3 2 1 Extant How Many Kingdoms? Protista refined Still needs refining! Protista appears Extinct Long Time with Prokaryotes only Original Cell

  7. Multicellular Animals Archezoans Euglenoids Slime Molds Archaebacteria Brown Algae Protozoans Chrysophytes Red algae Green Algae Bryophytes Myxozoans True Fungi Tracheophytes Bacteria Extant How Many Kingdoms? EukaryotesAREChimeras! Cyanobacterium endosymbiosis Extinct Eubacterium endosymbiosis http://www.stockhillhouse.co.uk/griffon.jpg Though sketched here as single events, these endosymbioses were very likely multiple events! Original Cell

  8. Archezoans • “Protozoan parasites without mitochondria or Golgi” • Oldest nucleated cells • Diverged from other Eukaryotes 2bybp…prior to ER and Golgi evolution • Lack peroxisomes • Ribosomes are 70S but NOT 80S • 400 species (many more likely unknown parasites!) • Three phyla: • Archaeamoebae/Pelobiontida (Pelomyxa) • Metamonada (Giardia) • Microsporidia

  9. Pseudopodia Endosymbiotic bacteria Uroid Glycogen body Vacuoles Pelomyxa palustris Free-living in freshwater sediment (microaerophilic) Phagocytosis active Accumulate glycogen reserves At least 3 species of endosymbiont in each cell…two species are methanogenic archaeons! Anterior uroid (macropseudopodium) for amoeboid movement Smaller pseudopodia do not enlarge http://www.btinternet.com/~stephen.durr/pelomyxapalustris.html

  10. Nuclei “Daughter” Amoeba Reproduction: Mitosis of nucleus Cytokinesis by furrowing http://www.btinternet.com/~stephen.durr/pelomyxapalustris.html What would you suggest has been a large component of this individual’s phagocytosis diet? http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/micropolitan/fresh/protozoa/frame3.html

  11. Giardia lamblia Diplomonad intestinal parasite 2 nuclei in anterior of cell Motility 2 anterior flagella 4 ventral flagella 2 posterior flagella Ventral disc ridges provide adhesion to host http://www.nih.go.jp/niid/para/atlas/images/giardia-trph.jpg

  12. Giardia lamblia Parasite cyst in feces of beaver released into watershed http://www.nih.go.jp/niid/para/atlas/images/giardia-cyst2.jpg Humans ingest water… cyst grows into trophozoite (shown)… parasite attaches to intestinal wall Parasite proliferates and, as digestion continues, are torn from lining leading to bloody diarrhea http://www.nps.gov/olym/people/giardia.jpg

  13. Giardia lamblia Parasite cyst showing environmentally-stable wall of cyst, ectoplasm, endoplasm with 2 of 4 nuclei http://atlas.or.kr/atlas/include/viewImg.html?uid=302 Trophozoites in various planes of section showing nuclei, flagellae, etc. http://atlas.or.kr/donation/donation_files/DSCN1031.jpg Adhesive disc from ventral surface of trophozoite.

  14. Nosema locustae Microsporidian parasite of locusts, grasshoppers and crickets Used as a form of biological control http://bioweb.usu.edu/emlab/Galleries/parasites/color_microsporidia.jpg http://entomology.unl.edu/images/beneficials/protozoan/nosema1.jpg http://www.agecology.com/productlogos/nolobait.gif

  15. Nosema algerae Microsporidian parasite of mosquitoes Wet Mount Scanning EM Transmission EM http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/entomology/brooks/6a_d.jpg

  16. Microsporidian parasite of honeybees Swollen intestinal system, loss of banding patterns Diarrhea, winterkill Nosema apis Control by Fumagillin-B from Aspergillus fumigatus http://www.uni-saarland.de/fak8/hartmann/images/fumagillin.jpg http://maarec.cas.psu.edu/pest&disease/slide39.htm

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