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The Formation of Islamic Civilization 622-945 AD

The Formation of Islamic Civilization 622-945 AD. Origins of Islam. Byzantium vs. Parthians / Sasanids: Over 600 years of war by 600 AD Cities: Jews, Christians, and Pagans. Islam is born in the cities. Muhammad (570-632 AD). Grows up in Mecca in a commercial family

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The Formation of Islamic Civilization 622-945 AD

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  1. The Formation of Islamic Civilization 622-945 AD

  2. Origins of Islam • Byzantium vs. Parthians / Sasanids: Over 600 years of war by 600 AD • Cities: Jews, Christians, and Pagans. Islam is born in the cities.

  3. Muhammad (570-632 AD) • Grows up in Mecca in a commercial family • Marries older woman (the widow Khadija (d. 619 AD), but unsatisfied • Visions of Archangel Gabriel--revelations (qur’an) • attacks Paganism and cruelty to orphans and poor • Submit to the will of Allah • A Muslim is one who submits to God

  4. The Seal of the Prophets • Muhammad sees himself as the last of the prophets • Come to fix past revelations damaged by their transmittors • (Jesus was last prophet before Muhammed, not son of God in his view)

  5. Weak Start • Most Townsfolk attacked him • The Hegira: Flees to Yathrib, where he is hired to mediate between tribes (July 622). Formation of the Umma (Moslem Community) • Organizes his own band of followers. • Yathrib becomes al-Medina, City of the Prophet

  6. Five Pillars of Islam • .Shahada: The Creed: "There is no god but God and Muhammad is God's prophet" • .Salat: Prayer • .Sawm: Fasting during the Month of Ramadan • .Zakat: Almsgiving to the Poor • Hajj: Pilgrimage

  7. Rising Power of Muhammed • Non-Moslem Monotheists, “Peoples of the Book” allowed to submit and form subordinate communities • Pagans to be crushed • Recaptures Mecca • At death, leads trans-Arabic confederation of cities and tribes

  8. Women in Islam • Islam raises condition of women from property to subordinate, but protected • Women control marriage, dowry, and property • No Female Infanticide • Men still dominate, may be polygamous • Modesty eventually leads to veil, chador, etc.

  9. Four Righteous Caliphs • Abu Bakr (632-4 AD): Consolidates Arabia • Umar (634-44 AD) and Uthman (644-56 AD) • Conquer Persia and much of eastern Byzantium • The Battle of Yarmūk ( 636 AD) and Battle of al-Qādisiyyah (c. 636) • 651 AD: Fall of Sasanid Dynasty

  10. Ali (656-661 AD) and Civil War • Ali vs. Mu’awiya Umayyad (661-680 AD) • Ali dies; his followers become Shi’ites • Line of Imams from Ali • Umayyad Dynasty controls most of Islam now by hereditary right (661-750 AD)

  11. Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 AD) • Conquest of Iran, Northwest Africa, Spain, Indus River • Checked at Tours, France (732 AD) and Constantinople (over and over) • A combination of Religious Zeal and Good Timing leads to success

  12. The New Islamic Order • Ummah transcends Arabian identity...but how? • Righteous Caliphs = Elected by Elders • Umayyads = Hereditary Arab rule • Increasing Arab vs. convert conflict • Abbasids (750-1258 AD) lead revolt of converts to overthrow Arab rule

  13. Islamic Law • The Ulama = religious scholars of Qur’an and Hadith • Hadith = traditions about Muhammed + a history of each tradition by line of transmission • Ulama create shar’ia (divine law) by interpreting older law, Qur’an, and Hadith together

  14. Moslem Factions • The Kharijites: Extremists and Very Strict • The Shi’a: Followers of Ali, led first by the Imams (heirs of Ali), then by the Ulema when the line dies out. • Imams could offer further revelation • Sevener vs. Twelver • The Mahdi will come!

  15. The Sunni • Followers of the sunna, traditions. • Put communal identity > precise theological positions • Qur’an, Hadith, and Ulama = religious authority • Caliph is a TEMPORAL ruler only • Only God knows the heart; accept all who profess there is no God but God and Muhammed is his prophet

  16. The High Caliphate (692-833 AD) • The Abbasid State (750-1258 AD) • Based in Mesopotamia (Baghdad) • Rise of Mamluks (slave soldiers) • Decline of Caliphs • Provinces gradually more independent • Islamicization of much of population • 756 AD: Spain Lost • 969 AD: Fatmids in Egypt • Buyids and Seljuk Turks Take Over

  17. “Classic” Islamic Culture • Heirs to Greek Ideas • Hindu numbers --> “Arabic Numerals” • Adab--Manners liturature • History and Biography • Geometric Art • Arabesque

  18. Arabesque

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