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WHI.05: Ancient Greece: Geography to Persian Wars. p. 061. The student will demonstrate knowledge of ancient Greece in terms of its impact on Western civilization by
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p. 061 The student will demonstrate knowledge of ancient Greece in terms of its impact on Western civilization by assessing the influence of geography on Greek economic, social, and political development, including the impact of Greek commerce and colonies; describing Greek mythology and religion; identifying the social structure and role of slavery, explaining the significance of citizenship and the development of democracy, and comparing the city-states of Athens and Sparta; evaluating the significance of the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars; Objectives
p. 062 The physical geography of the Aegean Basin shaped the economic, social, and political development of Greek civilization. The expansion of Greek civilization, through trade and colonization, led to the spread of Hellenic culture across the Mediterranean and Black seas. Greek mythology was based on a polytheistic religion that was integral to the culture, politics, and art in ancient Greece. Many of Western civilization’s symbols, metaphors, words, and idealized images come from ancient Greek mythology. Classical Athens developed the most democratic system of government the world had ever seen, although not everyone could participate in decision making. It became a foundation of modern democracies. Contrasting philosophies of government divided the Greek city-states of Athens (democracy) and Sparta (oligarchy). The Greeks defeated the Persian empire and preserved their political independence. Essential Understandings
p. 062 How did the mountains, seas, islands, harbors, peninsulas, and straits of the Aegean Basin shape Greek economic, social, and political development and patterns of trade and colonization? How did mythology help the early Greek civilization explain the natural world and the human condition? What impact did Greek mythology have on later civilizations and the contemporary world? How did democracy develop in Athens? How did Sparta differ from Athens? Why were wars with Persia important to the development of Greek culture? Essential Questions
p. 062 The seeds of much of Western cultural heritage were planted during this time period. Many political systems in today’s world mirror the varied forms of government that evolved in Greece. Why Do I Need To Know This?
Ancient Greece p. 63-67
p. 063 • Balkan Peninsula • Greece is located on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe • Also over 1400 islands • Mild Climate supported an outdoor life (48 degrees in winter and 80 in the summer) • Mountains • Cover 75% of Greece • Difficult to unite Greeks under a single • government, developed small • communities instead • Made land transportation difficul • Poor in natural resources such as timber, • metals and farmland Geography
p. 063 • The Sea • Greece is bordered by the Ionian Sea (West), the Aegean Sea (East) • Both are part of the Mediterranean Sea • Important trade routes for the Greeks Geography
p. 063 • Colonization • Had to seek new colonies because: • They were overpopulated • Needed more/better land for crops • More grassland for farm animals Geography
p. 063 • a group of Indo-Europeans settled on Greek mainland around 2000 B.C. • dominated Greece from 1600 to 1200 B.C. • Trojan War (about 1200 B.C.) • the Trojan prince, Paris kidnapped Helen, the beautiful wife of a Spartan king (Menelaus), brother of the king of Mycenae (Agamemnon); the Greeks went to war with Troy for 10 years; Greeks pretend to give up and give Troy a large wooden horse (filled with soldiers); the soldiers open the gate to Troy and the Greeks destroy Troy • Real Reason – control of the Dardanelles Straits Mycenae
p. 063 • the Mycenaeans collapsed around 1200 B.C. and the Dorians took over the Greek peninsula • the Dorians were a warrior people and were not interested in trade or culture • Created a “Dark Age of Greece” – no written record exists from 1150-750 B.C. Dorians
p. 065 • blind poet who composed epics – narrative poems celebrating heroic deeds • wrote the Iliad and The Odyssey; describes the battle of Troythe Trojan Horse and the journey home of King Odysseus Homer
p. 065 Myths – a traditional stories about Greek gods; a way for the Greeks to explain natural phenomena, life events, and the power of human passions Greek Gods – the Greeks attributed human qualities such as love, hate, and jealousy to their gods Zeus – ruler of the gods, ruled the sky, weather and thunderstorms Poseidon – god of the seas Hades – god of the underworld Hera – Zeus’s wife, often jealous of Zeus’s relationships with other women Athena – goddess of wisdom and Zeus’s favorite child Apollo – god of poetry and music, son of Zeus and Leto Aphrodite – goddess of love and beauty Myths/Religion
p. 065 Polis – Greek city-state, made up of a city and its surrounding countryside; was the fundamental political unit in ancient Greece; designed to promote civic and commercial life Acropolis – fortified hilltop in the center of most poli Agora (public center) where male citizens gathered to conduct business Rule and Order in Greek City-States
Athenian Acropolis • Fortified hilltop for protection • Walls are the mountain its built on—marble
p. 065 Monarchy – when a king or queen rules a government Tyrant – powerful individual who gained control of the government by appealing to the poor and the discontented for support Aristocracy – a government that is ruled by a small group of noble, land-owning families Oligarchy – a government ruled a few powerful people, usually by military leaders Democracy – a government in which all citizens have power Phalanx – rectangular fighting formation Hoplites – foot soldiers Rule and Order in Greek City-States
p. 067 • Geography • located in the southern part of Greece known as the Peloponnesus Sparta This is Sparta!
p. 067 • Society • built a militaristicstate; ruled by an oligarchy • rigid social structure • Spartans – the elite warrior class, only class considered citizens • Perioikoi – free people who weren’t Spartans, not considered citizens, conducted all business within Sparta; sometimes served as a military reserve • Helots – slaves (largest class in Spartan society) • valued duty, strength, and discipline over individuality, beauty and freedom Sparta
p. 067 • Education • education centered around military training • at age of seven, boys left home and moved into army barracks • girls ran, wrestled, and played sports; learned to put service of Sparta above love, even family • from 600 to 371 B.C., the Spartans had the most powerful army in Greece • all forms of individual expression were discouraged • did not value the arts Sparta
p. 067 • Evolution of the Government • Monarchy aristocracy tyranny democracy • only free adult males could be citizens – women, slaves, and foreigners were excluded from citizenship; Athenian women focused on child rearing, weaving cloth, preparing meals, and managing the household Athens
p. 067 • Important Leaders • Draco – wrote the first legal code, punishments were very harsh; included debt slavery • Solon – outlawed debt slavery; allowed all citizens to participate and debate policies in the Athenian assembly; initiated profitable overseas trade, but neglected land reforms • Cleisthenes – worked to make Athens a full democracy by reorganizing the assembly to break up the power of the nobility; created the Council of 500 which proposed laws and counseled the assembly; members of the Council were chosen by lot (random) Athens
p. 067 • Education • boys entered school at age 7, graduated at 18; girls did not receive a formal education Athens
Persian Wars p. 69
p. 069 • 520 B.C., the Persians conquered Ionia (Greek controlled territory in Anatolia) • Ionian Greeks revolted with the help of Athens • Darius squashed the rebellion and vowed to destroy Athens in revenge Ionia
p. 069 1. Greeks won even though they were outnumbered (10,000 Greeks to 25,000 Persians) 2. a young runner Pheidippides raced the 25 miles back to Athens with news of the victory and then collapsed and died Battle of Marathon (490BC)
p. 069 • Xerxes (Darius’s son) tried to crush Greece – marched into Greece with about 300,000 • King Leonidas led a group of 300 Spartans and about 7000 other Greeks at Thermopylaeheld them for 3 days; all the Greeks were killed, but the Persians lost an estimated 50,000 • Persians won Battle of Thermopylae (480BC)
