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Air Temperature

Air Temperature. Temperature : a measure of the average speed at which molecules are moving or vibrating. Air temperature the rate of motion of gas molecules in the atmosphere as a result of the absorption of energy measured by a thermometer. Temperature scales. Celsius

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Air Temperature

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  1. Air Temperature

  2. Temperature : • a measure of the average speed at which molecules are moving or vibrating.

  3. Air temperature • the rate of motion of gas molecules in the atmosphere as a result of the absorption of energy • measured by a thermometer

  4. Temperature scales • Celsius • water freezes at 0o • water boils at 100o • Fahrenheit • water freezes at 32o • water boils at 212o • Kelvin • no molecular motion at 0K • water freezes at 273 K • water boils at 373 K

  5. Conversions • oF = (1.8 x oC) + 32 • oC = 0.56 (oF - 32) • K = oC + 273

  6. What determines the temperature of a place? • Insolation (daily and annual cycles) 2. Latitude 3. Urban/Rural Surface 4. Coastal vs. Interior location 5. Elevation

  7. 1. Insolation A. Changing angle of noon sun throughout the year changes temperature on a seasonal basis.

  8. Why temperature difference between equinoxes?

  9. Spring : at end of cold, short day period • more energy loss • Autumn : at end of warm, long day period • more energy gain

  10. 1. Insolation B. Changing angle of sun throughout the day changes temperature on a daily basis.

  11. lag between max insolation and max temperature • because highest temp at time of max ABSORBED insolation

  12. 2. Latitude • Higher latitudes receive less insolation than lower latitudes • sun’s rays are more oblique • daylength is variable • Net energysurplus in tropics; net energy deficit in polar regions

  13. 3. Urban/rural Surface • Evapotranspiration differences • Urban impervious surfaces • Urban highly absorbent (low albedo) surfaces • Urban fuel consumption and excess heat • “Urban heat island”

  14. 4. Coastal vs. interior locations • Water bodies have a moderating effect on temperature.

  15. “Land heats up and cools down more rapidly than water.” • Therefore: • Coastal: smaller temperature ranges than continental locations. • Coastal locations have their maximum temperatures well after maximum insolation.

  16. Lake effect in Duluth is an example of changes in temperature due to being close to a large body of water.

  17. 5. Altitude / Elevation • Temperature decreases as elevation increases. • less mass, less pressure, less absorption

  18. Exception: temperature inversion

  19. Conditions favorable for a temperature inversion: • cool, clear, calm night

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