Welcome to: AP Human Geography

1. Welcome to:AP Human Geography Mr. Hartness

2. A few class rules Be here everyday Be here on time Do your assignments Be a young adult Respect those around you Do not leave class for any reason

3. APWill be treated as suchTest in MayYou have a lot of responsibility

4. Daily gradeweekly vocab testMajor test (two weeks)ReadingProjectsLectures (you and me)Interviews

5. One book of many The Cultural Landscape An Introduction to Human Geography AP Edition, 11th Edition James M. Rubenstein

6. Chapter One Basic Concepts

7. Geography Geo = Earth Graphy = To Write “Writing about the Earth” Greek scholar: Eratosthenes

8. Geography is the study of where things are on our Earth and why they are there. Human Geographers ask two questions: Where… and Why…

9. Key Issue 1 How Do Geographers Describe Where Things Are?

10. Maps and Contemporary Tools

11. Maps Geography’s most important tool for thinking spatially about the distribution of features across earth is a map. A map is a two dimensional or flat-scale model of the real world

12. Contemporary (modern) cartographers (map builders) are assisted by computers and satellite= imagery

13. Maps serve two purposes: As a reference tool: find a route 2. As a communications tool: looking at distribution of people or electricity at night based on lights, as soon from space

14. Eratosthenes, “father of Geography” created one of the first maps of the world. However, as time went on and exploration took place, Ptolemy created newer maps that would not be fixed for 1,000 years, based on information received from explorers.

15. Pei Xiu is known as the father of the Chinese cartography. Muhammad al-Idrisi, a Muslim cartographer prepared a world map and text.

16. A German cartographer, Martin Waldseemuller (1470 – 1520) produced the first map with the label “America” after Amerigo. Abraham Ortelius (1527-1598), a Flemish cartographer, created the first modern atlas.

17. Contemporary maps are mainly used today for communication purposes, both for directions and displaying geographic information.

18. Map Scale As a cartographer, the first question would be how much of the Earth’s surface to depict on the map. The amount of detail and area is called its map scale. 1. A ratio = 1:24,000 2. Written Scale = 1 inch equals 1 mile 3. Graphic Scale = a bar line depicting distance on the map

19. The larger the area to put on the map, the less detail you can provide. Think about a city map versus a globe.

20. Projection Since the Earth is spherical, it is difficult to show the true Earth form on a square map. There will be some degree of distortion. The process of applying the Earth’s surface to a flat map is called projection.

21. Quick Student Project Mercator Projection Goode Homolosine Projection Robinson Projection Equal Area Projections

22. Geographic Grid A system of imaginary arcs drawn in a grid pattern on Earth’s surface. Meridians measure longitude (180 degrees east or west) Prime Meridian runs through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England (0 degrees longitude). Created by clockmaster John Harrison Parallels measure latitude (90 degree north or south) The equator is 0 degrees latitude (largest circumference and 12 hours of sunlight)

23. The Mathematical location of a place can be designated more precisely by dividing each degree into 60 minutes (‘) and 60 seconds (“). The state capital building in Denver, Colorado is located 390 42’2” north latitude and 1040 59’04” longitude A GPS will convert this to a decimal… 39.7144440 north latitude and 84.9844440 west longitude.

24. Quick student project What is the degree of each time zone around the Earth?

25. Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) or Universal Time (UT) All time zones around the globe are based on the Prime Meridian (0-degrees longitude) by international agreement. The International Date Line is 180 degrees east or west of Greenwich. From the line (in the middle of the Pacific Ocean), if you go east toward America, you lose a day. If you go west heading toward Asia, you gain a day.

26. Contemporary Tools Geographers have turned to Geographic Information Science (GIScience), which involves the development and analysis of data about Earth acquired through satellite and other electronic information technologies.

27. Remote Sensing The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or from other long-distance methods is known as remote sensing. Geographers use remote sensing to map the changing distribution of a wide variety of features, such as agriculture, drought, and sprawl.

28. Global Positioning System (GPS) The system that accurately determines the precise position of something on Earth. 24 Satellites Tracking station Receivers (to receive at least 4 satellites) 3 Satellites in reserve That is how aircraft, ships, and you can find a specific location, or stay on a specific route while using your GPS.

29. Geographic Information System (GIS) A computer system that captures, stores, queries, analyzes, and displays geographic data. Produce Maps Produce Layers (mashups)

30. Mashups Combining information You can see exact location of aircraft, gas stations with lowest prices, traffic jams, restaurants, etc.

31. Key Issue 1 How Do Geographers Describe Where Things Are?

32. Maps!

33. Questions?