POLICING TERRORISM: A THREAT TO COMMUNITY POLICING OR JUST A SHIFT IN PRIORITIES?

1. POLICING TERRORISM:A THREAT TO COMMUNITY POLICING OR JUST A SHIFT IN PRIORITIES? PRESENTED TO THE INTERNATIONAL POLICE EXECUTIVE TENTH ANNUAL MEETING THE KINGDOM OF BAHRAIN 11 – 15 OCTOBER, 2003 BY JOHN MURRAYAPM, BA, LLB, MBA, GCLP CHIEF POLICE OFFICER AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY

2. INTRODUCTION • SHIFT FROM TRADITIONAL TO COMMUNITY POLICING • POST SEPTEMBER 11 – CHANGE IN PUBLIC FACE OF POLICING • WILL EXAMINE/CONTRAST TRADITIONAL & COMMUNITY POLICING • EXAMINE CHALLENGES TO COMMUNITY POLICING • PUBLIC EXPECTATIONS • GOVERNMENT POLICY • POLICE CULTURE • EXAMINE IMPACT OF TERRORISM ON COMMUNITY POLICING • CURRENT ENVIRONMENT - THE VALUE OF COMMUNITY POLICING

3. TRANSITIONFROM TRADITIONAL TO COMMUNITY POLICING PEEL PRINCIPLES OF EARLY POLICING COOPERATION PARTNERSHIP “CONSENT” PRINCIPLES APPLY TODAY BUT THE NOTION OF MILITARISM IS STILL THE BASIS OF MOST FORCES / SERVICES

4. TRANSITIONFROM TRADITIONAL TO COMMUNITY POLICING LIMITATIONS OF TRADITIONAL POLICING • PREDOMINENTLY REACTIVE • EMPHASIS ON ARREST AS SUCCESS INDICATOR • INABILITY TO GET CLOSE TO COMMUNITY – ACTION ORIENTATION • CUMBERSOME BUREAUCRACY WHEREAS IN COMMUNITY POLICING • CRIME PREVENTION AS EMPHASIS • PROBLEM SOLVING AS WELL AS ARREST • CLOSE TO COMMUNITY - SERVICE ORIENTATION • DEVOLUTION OF AUTHORITY & FREEDOM TO ACT (Moore 1994)

5. COMMUNITY POLICING • WHILE NO SINGLE DEFINITION THERE TENDS TO BE: • COMMUNITY BASED PREVENTION • PROACTIVE POLICING • INCREASED ACCOUNTABILITY TO THE PUBLIC • DECENTRALISED POLICE WITH EXTENSIVE AUTHORITY TO ACT ON OWN INITIATIVE (Skolnick & Bayley, 1998)

6. POLICE CULTURE • POLICING – TOO IMPORTANT TO BE TAKEN FOR GRANTED OR IGNORED (Van Maanen, 1978) • HIGH LEVELS OF DISCRETION AT LOWEST LEVEL OR ORGANISATION • SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON LIVES/LIBERTIES OF CITIZENS • MOST POLICE DECISIONS ARE WITHOUT OVERSIGHT/SCRUTINY

7. POLICE CULTUREA BIAS TOWARDS TRADITIONAL POLICING? • RECOGNISED BY SOCIETY & THEMSELVES AS HAVING IDENTIFIABLE COMPLEX OF VALUES, COMMUNICATION SYMBOLS, TECHNIQUES, & BEHAVIOUR PATTERNS (McBride, 1995) • “WORKING PERSONALITY” – SUSPICIOUSNESS, INTERNAL SOLIDARITY, SOCIAL ISOLATION, CONSERVATISM (Skolnick, 1966) • SENSE OF MISSION, ACTION ORIENTATION, CYNICISM, SUSPICIOUSNESS, ISOLATED SOCIAL LIFE, CONSERVATISM (Reiner, 1992) • SUPPORTED TO VARYING DEGREES Goldstein (1976), Fitzgerald (1989), Goldsmith (1990), Skolnick & Fyfe (1993) and Wood (1997)

8. IDEAL PROFILE FOR COMMUNITY POLICE OFFICERS RESEARCH PROFILE FOR OPERATIONAL POLICE Commitment to community consultation and problem solving. A sense of mission about police work but a distancing from the rest of the community. Open and accessible in the provision of a service. Suspiciousness. Creative and innovative in promoting solutions to problems and crime prevention. A pragmatic view of police work which discourages innovation and experimentation Freedom to exercise discretion at the lowest level of policing so as to incorporate a problem-solving mentality as an alternative to arrest. A preference for action orientation and arrests. Excellent communication skills so as to be able to develop a rapport with the community, and in turn win respect and trust. An isolated social life coupled with a strong code of solidarity with other police officers. A cynical or pessimistic perspective about their social environment.

9. CULTURE AND ALIGNMENT TO POLICING MODELS TRADITIONAL POLICING AND LINKS TO PARAMILITARISM COMMUNITY POLICING AND DEMOCRATIC MANAGEMENT CULTURE – CONTRASTING AND COMPARING Policing as a craft Traditionally policing regarded as craft / trade - best learned ‘on the job’. Policing as a Profession Conscious drive for policing to be accepted as a ‘profession’. Culture Developed on the Job With traditional policing - reliance on status quo - learning from experienced officers. With community policing - more ‘open’ culture which places reliance on community expectations.

10. CULTURE AND ALIGNMENT TO POLICING MODELS TRADITIONAL POLICING AND LINKS TO PARAMILITARISM COMMUNITY POLICING AND DEMOCRATIC MANAGEMENT CULTURE – CONTRASTING AND COMPARING Paramilitary Management Style Traditional policing - based either entirely on military lines or at least draw on their principles. Democratic Management Style While command & control is necessary - these situations are relatively few and management allows contribution from all ranks as to how the job is done. Empowered or Disempowered Culture A paramilitary culture assumes that authority is linked to rank. With a democratic style management culture – confidence and genuine participation.

11. CULTURE AND ALIGNMENT TO POLICING MODELS TRADITIONAL POLICING AND LINKS TO PARAMILITARISM COMMUNITY POLICING AND DEMOCRATIC MANAGEMENT CULTURE – CONTRASTING AND COMPARING Authoritarian Approach to Policing Traditional policing promotes strict enforcement of laws, little concern about the causes of crime, limited prosecutorial discretion, and less emphasis on preventing crime. Problem Solving Approach to Policing Here there is an understanding what causes crime and there is a conscious commitment to joining with the community to prevent crime. • Linking Culture to the Philosophy • In traditional policing - tendency for authoritarianism, defensism, cynicism and action-orientation which result in a distancing from the community. In community policing the culture is open, consultative and geared to solving problems.

12. CULTURE AND ALIGNMENT TO POLICING MODELS TRADITIONAL POLICING AND LINKS TO PARAMILITARISM COMMUNITY POLICING AND DEMOCRATIC MANAGEMENT CULTURE – CONTRASTING AND COMPARING Inflexible Structure In the traditional model, there tends to be a rigid, centralised bureaucracy with officers working to predetermined rules and practices. Flexible Structure Community policing devolves authority and decision-making which encourages initiative. Officers work to values and standards. From Compliant to Adaptive Culture With traditional policing, the culture tends to be regimented and compliant. Community policing is adaptive recognizing that there is usually no single solution to problems/issues.

13. CULTURE AND ALIGNMENT TO POLICING MODELS TRADITIONAL POLICING AND LINKS TO PARAMILITARISM COMMUNITY POLICING AND DEMOCRATIC MANAGEMENT CULTURE – CONTRASTING AND COMPARING Blame Culture The paramilitary model of policing assumes that police officers will inevitably do something wrong and when they do they should be punished. Learning Culture A learning culture recognises the failure of the punitive model and educates/corrects minor and understandable breaches rather than punish. From Institutional to Personal Discipline The punitive model creates apprehension, anxiety, defensiveness and denial. An ‘us-them (management)’ culture results. In a learning culture officers work to values and minor breaches are regarded as curable mistakes – a move from threat to incentive.

14. CULTURE AND ALIGNMENT TO POLICING MODELS TRADITIONAL POLICING AND LINKS TO PARAMILITARISM COMMUNITY POLICING AND DEMOCRATIC MANAGEMENT CULTURE – CONTRASTING AND COMPARING Insularity and Defensiveness In traditional policing there is a tendency towards the notion that police are the only ones who know anything about policing. Academics or other commentators are not appreciated. Openness and Consultation In community policing other expert advice is invited and individual police contributions are considered worthwhile. Move Towards Transparency With traditional police - defensive culture - a tendency towards craft secrecy. Inherent in CP - police are part of the community and a desired culture is one which recognizes and works to a model that allows the public to know how and why the police operate the way they do.

15. MOVES TOWARDS MILITARISM PRIOR TO SEPTEMBER 11 • A LAISSEZ FAIRE ATTITUDE TO NATIONAL SECURITY • THOUGH: • A SPAWNING CULTURE OF PARAMILITARISM (USA) (Weber,1999) • ‘VELVET GLOVE’ COVERING THE ‘IRON FIST’ OF MILITARY STYLE OF POLICING (AUSTRALIA) (McCulloch, 2001) • COMMUNITY POLICING & UNITS OF PARAMILITARISM CAN / SHOULD COEXIST

16. SPECIFIC CHALLENGES TO COMMUNITY POLICING IN TERRORIST ENVIRONMENT • “ … in the context of war against terror, some tenets of community policing appear to be inconsistent with the implementation of these new police roles [though community policing should] probably not be abandoned.” de Guzman (2002) • Because: • CP ideal is to win hearts & minds of the community – you cannot reason with terrorists • CP assumes community cooperation & trust – terrorism erodes that trust • CP needs partnerships in strategies – police will hold back & trust will be breached • CP is parochial – not broad enough for terrorism

17. ADDRESSING THE DE GUZMAN CHALLENGES DE GUZMAN COMMUNITY POLICING Philosophical ideal of CP - to win the hearts and minds of the community but this will not be successful as you can’t reason with terrorists. CP works best when sharing with the community – vast majority of any community is law abiding - to exclude or isolate any sub group amounts to failing in police responsibility – should rebuild trust with certain specific ethnic/cultural groups. With CP there is community cooperation and trust – terrorists constantly employ deceit and police should be reluctant to invest their trust on unidentifiable forces. Successful prevention and detection depends on information – terrorists can assume positions in the community – a CP relationship which enjoys trust and mutual respect is more likely to identify the threat/s. CP involves a partnership with police & rest of the community & to have strategies of crime prevention & operations – with terrorism police will hold back and the mutual trust will be breached – ultimately CP will whither away. Never expected that police will divulge details of operations – the community has a right to certain information – with terrorism, community needs to be aware of the level of threat so as to make decisions about what they do – with CP people are more likely to feel comfortable about coming forward with information. CP is parochial and the ‘war on terror’ requires broader collaboration. CP, when working well, adopts broader, national/international perspective.

18. CONCLUSIONS • TRADITIONAL POLICING RELIES ON PARAMILITARISM – PREDOMINANTLY REACTIVE – UNABLE TO DEVELOP & SUSTAIN COMMUNITY RELATIONSHIP • COMMUNITY POLICING REFRESHING – DEMOCRATIC – POLICE IN PARTNERSHIP WITH COMMUNITY – LESS EMPHASIS ON ARREST – CONCENTRATES ON PROBLEM SOLVING AND CRIME PREVENTION • POLICE CULTURE SHOWS PREFERENCE FOR ACTION – LESS INTEREST IN ‘SOFT’ POLICING • EVEN WHERE COMMUNITY POLICING ADOPTED – CULTURE TENSION STILL EXISTS

19. CONCLUSIONS • AFTER SEPT 11 NEEDS TO BE A SHIFT OF EMPHASIS BUT NOT THE ABANDONMENT OF COMMUNITY POLICING • COMMUNITY POLICING WILL BE MORE EFFECTIVE – ESPECIALLY IN AREA OF PREVENTION • COMMISSIONERS / CHIEFS SHOULD BE ALERT TO PRESSURES TO REVERT TO TRADITIONAL MODEL OF POLICING – WOULD UNDUE ALL THE GOOD WORK OVER THE DECADES WHICH HAS PLACED COMMUNITY POLICING AS AN EXEMPLAR OF PUBLIC SERVICE IN A CIVIL AND DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY

20. THANK YOU