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2. FREYTAG’S PYRAMID

3. climax the turning point of the action in a story or play a hinge; a shift the moment that something happens and there’s no going back a axis from which the falling action and resolution result • Grete states that Gregor is no longer human in The Metamorphosis • Gatsby and Tom exchange verbal fisticuffs in The Great Gatsby

4. Mental images and physical experience evoked by descriptive language (visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, gustatory, and kinesthetic) imagery “The artist's life nourishes itself on the particular, the concrete. . . . Start with the mat-green fungus in the pine woods yesterday: words about it, describing it, and a poem will come. . . . Write about the cow, Mrs. Spaulding's heavy eyelids, the smell of vanilla flavouring in a brown bottle. That's where the magic mountains begin.” ~ Sylvia Plath

5. Suspension of Disbelief Temporarily and willingly setting aside beliefs about reality in order to enjoy the make-believe of a play, a poem, film, or story.

6. elasticity of time • The non-chronological time telling of a tale; when a writer moves plot and characters around in time; past, present, and future. • Think Einstein’s theory of relativity – the claim that space and time are elastic and can be warped and stretched like taffy. Chronicle of a Death Foretold is told in a non-linear fashion, moving freely from past to present and back again. In Slaughterhouse Five, Billy Pilgrim becomes “unstuck in time.” He travels between periods of his life, unable to control which period he lands in.

7. tabula rasa(TAH-boo-lah RAH-sah)http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tabula+rasa • a blank slate; a fresh start • what we are comes from what we experience and perceive • this is the “nurture” in nature vs. nurture

8. alliteration She had no room for gaiety and ease. She had spent the golden time in grudging its going. Dorothy Parker, “The Lovely Leave” the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words

9. ballad A short narrative poem, written to be sung, with a simple and dramatic action. Ballads tell of love, death, the supernatural, or a combination of these. Ballads contain incremental repetition which repeats one or more lines with small but significant variations that advance the action. …by the name of Annabel Lee… …chilling my Annabel Lee… …the beautiful Annabel Lee…

10. tone • Examples: Harper Lee and Gabriel Garcia Marquez both write about justice; however, there is a noticeable difference in their tones: nostalgic and innocent vs. journalistic and neutral. • Tone =the writer's attitude toward his or her subject; the mood or moral view developed. • Tone should be described: formal, playful, sardonic, optimistic, demeaning, etc.

11. internal rhyme Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore,While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,As of someone gently rapping, rappingat my chamber door." 'Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door;Only this, and nothing more.“ -The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe, rhyme in the middle of a line

13. “Literary Analysis” = how an author uses language to… … create meaning … … develop character … … express an idea … … reflect an attitude … ... convey an experience … … affect a reader… … etc …

14. Remember, language is fluid, flexible, adaptable ~ it can be multiple things at once.

16. 14 lines • iambic pentameter • 3 quatrains and 1 rhyming couplet • rhyme scheme = abab cdcd efef gg English (or Shakespearean) Sonnet

17. 14 lines • iambic pentameter • 2 parts: • octave with abba abba rhyme • sestet with cd cd cd rhyme Italian (or Petrarchan) Sonnet

18. lyric poetry Poetry that presents the feelings and emotions of a poet as opposed to poetry that tells a story. Sonnets, odes, and elegies are examples of lyric poems. The word lyric derives from the Greek word for lyre, a stringed instrument in use since ancient times. 

19. ODE Ode to My Socks by Pablo Neruda (excerpt) Mara Mori brought mea pair of sockswhich she knitted herselfwith her sheepherder's hands,two socks as soft as rabbits.I slipped my feet into themas if they were two casesknitted with threads of twilight and goatskin,Violent socks,my feet were two fish made of wool,two long sharkssea blue, shot throughby one golden thread,two immense blackbirds,two cannons,my feet were honored in this wayby these heavenly socks.They were so handsome for the first timemy feet seemed to me unacceptablelike two decrepit firemen,firemen unworthy of that woven fire,of those glowing socks. a poem in praise of someone or something; expressive of exalted or enthusiastic emotion

20. VILLANELLE a short poem of fixed form, written in tercets, usually five in number, followed by a final quatrain, all being based on two rhymes; the first and third lines of the first stanza are used, alternatingly, as the final line of subsequent stanzas

21. haiku • Traditional Japanese haiku is a three-line poem with seventeen syllables, written in a 5/7/5 syllable count. • Focuses on images from nature, emphasizes simplicity, intensity, and directness of expression. • Focus on a brief moment in time; a use of provocative, colorful images; an ability to be read in one breath; and a sense of sudden enlightenment and illumination. • This philosophy influenced poet Ezra Pound, who noted the power of haiku's brevity and juxtaposed images. The influence of haiku on Pound is most evident in his poem In a Station of the Metro which began as a thirty-line poem, but was eventually pared down to two: The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough.

22. Poetic Meter, Part I • When a rhythmic pattern of stresses recurs in a poem, it is called meter. • Metrical patterns are determined by the type and number of feet in a line of verse (poetry). • Combining the name of a line length with the name of a foot concisely describes the meter of the line. Line Length: • 2 feet = dimeter • 3 feet = trimeter • 4 feet = tetrameter • 5 feet = pentameter • 6 feet = sextameter • 7 feet = septameter • 8 feet = octameter

23. Poetic Meter, Part 2 • i-AM(say it like Dr. Martin Luther King) IAMBIC • TRO-chee(say it like a tough guy) TROCHAIC • a-na-PEST(say it like you are angry at Ann the PEST) ANAPEST • DAC-ty-lic (say it like you’ve spotted a hugh dinosaur) DACTYLIC • SPON-DEE(say it like you are a FOOT-BALL quarterbackk barking out a signal) SPONDAIC • pyr-rhic (say it like you are meek and very sor-ry) PYRRIC • am-PHI-brach(croak it or hop like a frog) AMPHIBRAIC

24. If music be the food of love, play on;Give me excess of it, that, surfeiting,The appetite may sicken, and so die.(Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare) iambic pentameter • a line of verse (poetry) consisting of five iambs, for a total of ten beats per line • an iamb is oneunstressed syllable followed by onestressed, such as "before"

25. free verse poems with no set meter, rhyme scheme, or defined structure Fog by Carl Sandburg The fog comes on little cat feet. It sits looking over harbor and city on silent haunches and then moves on.

26. blank verse Something there is that doesn’t love a wall.That sends the frozen-ground-swell under it,And spills the upper boulders in the sun; (Mending Walls by Robert Frost) verse written in unrhymed, iambic pentameter 10 beats to a line; stressed/unstressed

27. slant rhyme (bending words) Since then – ‘tis Centuries – and yet Feels shorter than the Day I first surmised the Horses’ Heads Were toward Eternity. words that almost rhyme farm - yard brow - glow

28. repetition of vowel sounds assonance “He gives his harness bells a shake To ask if there is some mistake. The only other sound's the sweep Of easy wind and downy flake.

29. the repeating of final consonants consonance blank and think strong and string  lady lounges lazily 

30. enjambment I am not prone to weeping, as our sex Commonly are; the want of which vain dew Perchance shall dry your pities; but I have That honourable grief lodged here which burns Worse than tears drown. ~William Shakespeare the continuation of a thought from one line or stanza to the next without a syntactical break

31. quatrain The lizard is a timid thing that cannot dance, fly or sing.He hunts bugs beneath the floor and longs to be a dinosaur. a stanza or poem of four lines

32. caesura "They lie together now. They sleep apart". -John Mole, “Coming Home” a strong pause within a line; The pause may come from punctuation or something else such as a phrase or clause.

33. tercet In a solitude of the sea Deep from human vanity, And the Pride of Life that planned her, stilly couches she. ~ Thomas Hardy a poem or stanza consisting of three lines of poetry

34. cadence One Christmas was so much like another, in those years around the sea-town corner now and out of all sound except the distant speaking of the voices I sometimes hear a moment before sleep, that I can never remember whether it snowed for six days and six nights when I was twelve or whether it snowed for twelve days and twelve nights when I was six. ~Dylan Thomas, A Child’s Christmas in Wales the rhythm of language; the melodic nature of words; the sound of words on the ear

35. hamartia tragic flaw Hamlet=hesitation Frankenstein=hubris Frodo=the want of a ring Gregor Samsa= Jay Gatsby=

36. deus ex machina day oos XMAH-kuh-nuh any improbabledevice that resolves thedifficulties of a plot; when some new event, character, ability, or object solves a seemingly solvable problem in a sudden, unexpected way • the secret documents are in Russian, one of the spies suddenly reveals that they learned the language • the writers have just lost funding, a millionaire suddenly arrives, announces an interest in their movie, and offers all the finances they need to make it • the hero is dangling from the edge of a cliff with a villain stepping on his fingers, a flying robot suddenly appears to save him

37. When a narrative (story) begins somewhere in the middle, usually at some crucial point in the action “into the midst of things” in media res Examples: The Odyssey, Star Wars, Forrest Gump, God of War video game

38. speech or writing that departs from literal meaning in order to achieve a special effect or meaning; speech or writing employing figures of speech figurative language Examples: simile, metaphor, idioms, personification, hyperbole

39. allusion …I would Love you ten years before the flood, And you should, if you please, refuse Till the conversion of the Jews… -Andrew Marvell, To His Coy Mistress a reference to something or someone outside of the text; it broadens and enriches the reader’s experience or understanding

40. personification “Oreo: Milk’s favorite cookie.” the giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects

41. onomatopoeia “It went zip when it moved and bop when it stopped,And whirr when it stood still.I never knew just what it was and I guess I never will.”Tom Paxton, “The Marvelous Toy” a literary device in which the sound of a word is related to its meaning

42. oxymoron “I hate intolerant people.”~ Gloria Steinem a figure of speech composed of contradictory words or phrases: a contradiction in terms

43. Collateral damage is an unfortunate and inevitable part of war. euphemism an inoffensive expression that is substituted for one that is considered offensive or harsh

44. hyperbole “I was helpless. I did not know what in the world to do. I was quaking from head to foot, and could have hung my hat on my eyes, they stuck out so far.” ~ Mark Twain, “Old Times on the Mississippi” deliberate exaggeration for emphasis

45. paradox “The swiftest traveler is he that goes afoot.” ~ Henry David Thoreau, Walden 1854 a statement that appears to be contradictory but, in fact, has some truth

46. irony "Gentlemen, you can't fight in here! This is the War Room." Peter Sellers as President Merkin Muffley in Dr. Strangelove, 1964 a situation or statement in which the actual outcome or meaning is opposite to what was expected

47. litotes (lie-tuh-tees) “I have to have this operation. It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain.” Holden Caulfield in The Catcher In The Rye, by J. D. Salinger understatement

48. simile “…the sound of Griffith’s punches echoed in the mind like a heavy axe in the distance chopping into a wet log.” ~Norman Mailer an explicit comparison between two unlike things with the use of “like” or “as”

49. extended metaphor You are an intricate mosaic vase, with so many glass pieces to your being. All labeled by various colors and shapes. Reds, blues, oranges, gigantic, small, sharp. Your colors represent who and what you will always be—

50. apostrophe "Bright star, would I were steadfast as thou art" ~John Keats An address to the dead or unborn as if living; to the inanimate as if animate; to the absent as if present