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Prepared by: Philip Jones Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Utah State University

ECE5320 Mechatronics Assignment#01: Literature Survey on Sensors and Actuators Topic: FES Actuators. Prepared by: Philip Jones Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Utah State University T: ( 435)797-4658; F: (435)797-3054 (ECE Dept.). 3/11/2005. Outline . Reference list

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Prepared by: Philip Jones Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Utah State University

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  1. ECE5320 MechatronicsAssignment#01: Literature Survey on Sensors and Actuators Topic: FES Actuators Prepared by: Philip Jones Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Utah State University T: (435)797-4658; F: (435)797-3054 (ECE Dept.) 3/11/2005

  2. Outline • Reference list • To probe further • Introductions • Major applications • Branches of Electrical Stimulation • Therapeutic Electrical Stimulation • Neuromodulatory Stimulation • Functional Electrical Stimulation • BION Implants, Specifications, and Functionality • BION Specific Applications • BION Batteries ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  3. Reference list Gerald E Loeb University of Southern California Frances Richmond University of Southern California Medtronics Advanced Bionics Loeb,G.E.,Richmond, F.J.R, BION Implants for Therapeutic and Functional Electrical Stimulation Neural Prostheses for Restoration of Sensor and Motor Function, 2000 ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  4. To explore further Therapeutic Electrical Stimulation http://www.ucp.org/ucp_generaldoc.cfm/1/4/24/24-6608/2673 http://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/japanese/conf/z08abe/z08abe447.htm http://www.space.gc.ca/asc/eng/astronauts/osm_ems.asp http://www.a1painproducts.com/?WebHome http://www.tensunit.com/ Neuromodulatory Stimulation http://www.tmc.edu/thi/pacemake.html http://www.advancedbionics.com/ http://www.medtronics.com/ Functional Electrical Stimulation http://www.nero.uni-bonn.de/projekte/ri/ri-index-en.htm http://www.eye-chip.com/ http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,39333,00.html http://www.ee.tuiasi.ro/~mpobor/FES_pobo.html BIONs http://ami.usc.edu/projects/ami/projects/bion/ BIONs Battery http://www.anl.gov/Science_and_Technology/factsheets/r17-02.htm http://www.anl.gov/Media_Center/Frontiers/2004/d2ee.html http://www.cmt.anl.gov/science-technology/batteries/microbattery.shtml ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  5. Introduction Grab an electric wire and watch your arm twitch or your muscles clench so you can’t let go and you will have experienced the basics of electrical stimulation. Controlled electrical stimulation can be used for a wide variety of medical uses from pain relief to providing hearing to those who are born deaf. The possibilities for this branch of actuator is unlimited. The report will give a brief overview of different type of actuators but will focus on implantable BION actuators. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  6. Major Application All current Applications for electrical stimulation are medical. These include • Pacemakers • Cochlear Implants • Urinal incontinence implants • Pain relief Implants • TES muscle stimulators ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  7. Categories of Stimulation • Therapeutic Electrical Stimulation (TES) This is the lowest level of stimulation. The muscles are stimulated to prevent atrophy and assist in the healing of damaged limbs. • Neuromodulatory Stimulation (NMS) This is the type of stimulation used in pacemakers, pain relief systems, and a number of other regulatory implants. A preprogrammed sequence is used to create a desired response. • Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) This is the most advanced level of stimulation. Precise impulses cause muscle contractions in order to allow the patient to perform a specific task such as walking or grasping an object. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  8. Therapeutic Electrical Stimulation (TES)Applications Treatment of Muscle spasticity, cerebral palsy, and muscular dystrophy Small electrical currents are applied during the night to weakened muscles. The hope is that these currents will induce muscle growth. This technique is still experimental and has many proponents and opponents. Treatment of People with Spinal Cord Injuries Electrodes are implanted and currents are sent to the muscles around the spines. This stimulation results in better muscle activity and increased range of motion. Muscle Atrophy Prevention Accident or stroke victims can use TES to prevent atrophy in muscles that are immobile. It is also possible to use to prevent muscle atrophy in astronauts while in orbit. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  9. TES - Actuators Device Digital Muscle Stimulator Retailer PCP Medical Inc. Price $89 Device Artista EMS+ Retailer PCP Medical Inc. Price $119 Device Electrodes Retailer PCP Medical Inc. Price $10-$15 Device Digital Muscle Stimulator Retailer tensunit.com Price $120 ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  10. Neuromodulatory Stimulation (NMS) Pacemaker/Heart Disease Treatment The most popular and accepted type of electrical stimulation. The pacemaker works by sending impulses to regulate the beating of the heart muscles Chronic Pain relief A implant is placed in near the spine and signals are sent along the spine to help block the pain signals to the brain. Bladder Control Urge incontinence is the condition where urine leaks out of the urinary track at undesired times. This condition is most common in older women. An implant placed near the bladder can regulate the muscles that control urination and so prevent leakage. Shaking/Tremor Control Shaking and spasms caused by involuntary muscle contraction can be blocked by implants that use mild electrical stimulation to block the signals from the brain that cause such problems ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  11. Functional Electrical Stimulation (FES) Cochlear Implants These are implants that restore hearing to those with severe or profound hearing loss. Instead of amplifying sound like a traditional hearing aid the implant sends sound directly to the auditory nerve via electrical signals Retinal Implants These are implants that replace the retina in the eye converting light into signals that are sent to the optic nerve. This technology is still under development but has been field tested on humans. Motor Control Implants These are implants that are used to allow the subject to control arm, leg, or hand muscles that are paralyzed to accident or disease. Implants that will allow full motor control are still under development. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  12. NMS/FES Companies Company: Medtronics Products: Pacemakers and a wide variety of electrical stimulation implants Website: http://www.medtronics.com/ Company: Advanced Bionics Products: Pain control and hearing implants Website: http://www.advancedbionics.com/ Company: Cochlear LTD Products: Hearing implants Website: http://www.cochlearamericas.com/index.asp Company: Synapse Biomedical Products: Nerve implants for breathing regulation Website: http://www.synapsebiomedical.com/ Company: Advanced Neuromodulation Systems Products: A large variety of electrical stimulation devices Website: http://www.ans-medical.com/ ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  13. BIONs Implants BIONs is a new experimental type of FES implant. The BION implant is small enough to be injected with a needle, eliminating the need for dangerous and expensive surgery while still maintaining the capability of the larger implants currently in use. BIONs have three different conceptual forms • BION 1 – This version is powered by an external coil and provides stimulation only. This type of implant has gone through preclinical testing. • BION 2- This version is similar to BION 1 but sensing is also possible. A functional implant is currently under development. • BION 3- This version is similar to BION 2 but instead of an external coil a built in battery would provide the necessary power. Technology to enable the construction of these implants, such as small enough batteries with sufficient life spans, is currently under development ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  14. BION 1 The BION 1 is essentially a glass capsule containing an antenna for receiving power and information from the external coil. The antenna consists of a ferrous core with about 200 copper windings around it. Built in electronics translate received signals and transmit simulations to the two external electrodes. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  15. Bion Assembly The assembly of a BION implant is a delicate and important procedure. Glass to glass and glass to metal connections are made using infrared lasers to melt the glass Metal to metal joints are made in an argon needle arc. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  16. Durability BIONs are designed to last for at least 10 years in the hostile environment of a human muscle. Rigorous testing has been done to ensure that the glass casing can survive the forces exerted on it by the surrounding muscles and that it will not leak. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  17. Electrode Tissue Interface Electric currents in metal conductors like the BION implant are carried by electrons while electrical signals in the body are carried by ion flow. The BION implant uses capacitive double layer charging to bridge the gap between these two mediums. The capacitor formed consists of the two output electrodes of the implant and the bodies fluids ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  18. Inplant/Transmitter Communication A 20 MHz carrier frequency is used to send information to the implant. A 36 bit Manchester encoded command contains 3 8 bit words as well as parity bits to avoid signal errors The first byte contains an 8 bit address The second byte specifies pulse width The third byte specifies pulse duration ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  19. Preclinical Testing Human trials are still underway but functional and safety tests have been conducted on animals (mostly cats). Nearly all of the test results have been extremely positive. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  20. Uses The BION implant can be adapted to a wide variety of TES, NMS, and FES applications. Some of the uses currently under development are Shoulder Subluxation Treatment FES for Assisted Grasp NMS Urinary Incontinence ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  21. Uses: Shoulder Subluxation Treatment in Stroke Patients A stroke will often result in paralysis in the contra lateral arm. This paralysis leads to muscle atrophy and chronic pain in the shoulder. Electrical stimulation to the muscles can prevent atrophy and aid in rehabilitation ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  22. Uses: FES for Assisted Grasp in Stroke and Spinal Cord Injury A series of BION 2 implants implanted in the hand or arm can be used to assist the gripping ability of those whose nerves have been damage by stroke or spinal cord injury. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  23. Uses: NMS Urinary Incontinence As mentioned earlier Urinary incontinence is a condition most commonly found in older women were weakened muscle control results in urine leaking out of the urethra. Electrical stimulation can be used to tighten the muscle control and eliminate the leaking. Advanced Bionics is currently doing research into using the BION implant for this type of application. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

  24. BIONs Battery For Bion 3 applications a miniaturized battery is needed. Currently Argonne is developing a lithium ion battery small enough to fit in the implant and with a 10 year life. ECE5320 Mechatronics. Assignment#1 Survey on sensors and actuators

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