Warm Up

1. Warm Up • What caused/accounted for the spread of Buddhism along the silk road? • What made silk such a highly desired commodity across Eurasia? • What was the impact of disease along the silk roads?

2. Unit Three: REGIONAL AND TRANSREGIONAL Interactions 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E.

3. Key Concept: 3.1 Expansion and Intensification of Communication and Exchange Networks

4. Improved transportation technologies and Commercial Practices • Led to increased volume of trade • Expanded geographical range of existing and newly active trade networks • Trade routes promoted growth of trading cities • Silk Road, Mediterranean Sea, Trans-Saharan, Indian Ocean Basins • New Trading Cities: • Calicut • Baghdad

6. Improved transportation technologies and Commercial Practices (Cont.) • New trade routes center on Mesoamerica and Andes • Incans/Aztecs Rise • Growth of interregional trade in luxury goods is encouraged by commercial technologies • Precious Metals • Use of compass, astrolabe, and larger ship design • Caravanserai • New forms of credit • Bills of Exchange

8. Warm up: Complete Sentences • Defend this statement, “ The Post Classical Era showed early signs of Globalization” • What are the four trade routes discussed in class? • What was a canaverasarai? • What caused an increased volume of trade in the post classical era?

9. Warm Up: Complete Sentences • How did humans contract the Black Death? • Where did the Black Death originate (start) and what evidence is there to support this? • What are some positive effects of trade? • What is a Bill of Exchange? • What was the reason for the explosion of cities during the post classical era?

10. Warm Up: Complete Sentences • What does Ibn Battuta’s description of his visit to Mali reveal about his own attitudes and his image of himself? • What might historians learn from this document about the nature and extent of Islam’s penetration in this West African empire? • What elements of older and continuing West African cultural traditions are evident in the document? • What specifically does Ibn Battuta find shocking about the women he encounters on his travels in West Africa? • What indications of Mali’s economic involvement with a wider world (globalization) are evident in the document?

11. Warm up: Complete Sentences • What is the historical theme that is attached with S? • What is the historical theme that is attached with E? • What is the historical theme that is attached with P? • What are the names of the four main trading routes? • Why were the America’s unable to create immense long distance trading routes? • What are the crusades?

12. Commercial Growth facilitated by State Practices • State sponsored commercial infrastructures like: • Grand Canal in China • Minting of coins • Trading Organizations • Hanseatic League • Empire expansion facilitates Trans-Eurasian Trade/Communication • China • Byzantine Empire • Caliphates • Mongols

14. Warm Up: Complete Sentences • How did the state sponsor commercial infrastructures? • Why was it important to mint money? • What is the Hanseatic League and what was the benefit of this organization? • How did migration effect the environment during trade? • What were some examples of how specific peoples adapted to the possibility of intensification of the land? (think Bantu, Polynesian peoples)

15. Movement of Peoples caused environmental and linguistic effects • Expansion/Intensification of long-distance trade routes depended on environ. Knowledge and adaptations to it • The way Arabs and Berbers adapted camels to travel across and around the Sahara • Some migrations had a significant environmental impact • Bantu speaking peoples who facilitated transmission of iron technologies/agricultural techniques in Sub-Saharan Africa • Maritime migrations of the Polynesian peoples who cultivated transplanted foods and domesticated animals as they moved • Migrations and contacts led to the diffusion of languages throughout a new region or emergence of new languages • The spread of Turkic and Arabic Languages

17. Warm Up – Complete Sentences • What was the importance of the maritime migrations of the Polynesian peoples? • Why did the Arabs and Berbers need to use Camels on the Trans-Saharan trade route? • How did the Bantu peoples alter the environment in Africa? • How did the Arabic language come to be? • How did governments impact trade?

18. Cross cultural exchanges were fostered by the intensification of existing, or the creation of new, networks of trade and communication • Islam: Based on revelations of prophet Muhammad develops in Arabian peninsula • Beliefs reflect interactions with: Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians • Merchants set up diasporic communities where they introduce their own cultural traditions into the indigenous culture • Muslim merchant communities in the Indian Ocean region • Writings of certain interregional travelers illustrated extent and limitations of intercultural knowledge/understanding • IbnBattuta • Increase in diffusion of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions • Islam in Sub-Saharan Africa/SE Asia • Diffusion of scientific and technological traditions • The spread of printing and gunpowder technologies from E. Asia into Islamic empires and Western Europe

23. Continued diffusion of crops and pathogens throughout the Eastern Hemisphere along trade routes • New foods and agricultural techniques were adopted in populated areas • The spread of epidemic diseases followed the well established paths of trade and military conquest • Black Death • The spread of cotton, sugar, and citrus throughout Dar al-Islam and the Mediterranean basin

25. Warm Up: Complete Sentences • What items spread along dar al Islam? • What diffusion of crops and pathogens were seen in the post classical era? • What is Islam? • What other religions influenced Islam? • How did writings of interregional travelers show the extent and limitations of intercultural knowledge? • What items were diffused in the area of science and technology during the post classical era? • How can historians see the diffusion of Islam during the post classical period?

26. Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their Interactions State formation in this era demonstrated remarkable continuity, innovation and diversity in various regions. In Afro-Eurasia, some states attempted, with differing degrees of success, to preserve or revive imperial structures, while smaller, less centralized states continued to develop. The expansion of Islam introduced a new concept, the Caliphate, to Afro-Eurasian statecraft. Pastoral peoples in Eurasia built powerful and distinctive empires that integrated people and institutions from both the pastoral and agrarian worlds. In the Americas, powerful states developed in both Mesoamerica and the Andean region.

27. Empires collapsed and were reconstituted; in some regions new state forms emerged • Byzantine Empire and the Chinese dynasties (Sui, Tang, Song) combined traditional sources of power and legitimacy with innovations better suited to the current circumstances • Patriarchy • Tributary systems • New forms of governance emerged, including those developed in various Islamic states, the Mongol Khanates, city-states, and decentralized government (feudalism) in Europe and Japan. • Abbasids • Some states synthesized local and borrowed traditions • Persian traditions that influenced Islamic states • In the Americas, as in Afro-Eurasia, state systems expanded in scope and reach: Networks of city-states flourished in the Maya region and, at the end of this period, imperial systems were created by the Aztecs and Incas.

30. Interregional contacts and conflicts between states and empires encouraged significant technological and cultural transfers • Examples of technological and cultural transfers: • Tang China and the Abbasids • Targus that was fought; shared a lot. • Across the Mongol empires • Pax Mongolica: Safety, trade, etc. • During the Crusades • Brought Europe back into Afro-Eurasian trade • Capitalism • Why Venice supported the 4th crusade

32. Innovations stimulated agricultural and industrial production in many regions • Agricultural production increased significantly due to technological innovations • Example: • Chinampa Field System: Hydroponic farming on Lake Texoco • Created artificial islands b/c ran out of land; necessity to make some • In response to increasing demand in Afro-Eurasia for foreign luxury goods, crops were transported from their indigenous homelands to equivalent climates in other regions • Silk and Sugar

33. Innovations stimulated agricultural and industrial production in many regions (Cont.) • Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans and merchants expanded their production of textiles and porcelains for export; industrial production of iron and steel expanded in China • Song China had a Commercial Revolution • Porcelain, Bridges, Mass Production of Exports = Industrial Revolution in China

34. The fate of cities varied greatly, with periods of increased urbanization buoyed by rising productivity and expanding trade networks • Multiple factors contributed to the declines of urban areas in this period: • Invasions, disease, decline of agricultural productivity, the Little Ice Age • Multiple factors contributed to urban revival: • End of invasions, availability of safe and reliable transport, rise of commerce and the warmer temperatures between 800 and 1300, increased agricultural productivity and subsequent rising population, greater availability of labor also contributed to urban growth. • While cities in general continued to play the roles they had played in the past as governmental, religious, and commercial centers, many older cities declined at the same time that numerous new cities emerged to take on these established roles.

35. Despite significant continuities in social structures and in methods of production, there were also some important changes in labor management and in the effect of religious conversion on gender relations and family life. • As in the previous period, there were many forms of labor organization • Free peasant agriculture, Nomadic pastoralism, Craft production and guild organization, various forms of coerced and un-free labor • Government-imposed labor taxes • Military Obligations

37. Despite significant continuities in social structures and in methods of production, there were also some important changes in labor management and in the effect of religious conversion on gender relations and family life. • As in the previous period, social structures were shaped largely by class and caste hierarchies. • Patriarchy persisted – Women exercised more power and influence in Mongols and W. Africa, Japan, and SE Asia • New forms of coerced labor appeared, including serfdom in Europe and Japan and the elaboration of the mit’a in the Inca Empire • Free peasants resisted attempts to raise dues and taxes by staging revolts.

38. Despite significant continuities in social structures and in methods of production, there were also some important changes in labor management and in the effect of religious conversion on gender relations and family life. • Demand for slaves both military and domestic purposes increased, particularly in central Eurasia, parts of Africa, and the eastern Mediterranean. • Regions where free peasants revolted: • China • Byzantine Empire • Diffusion of Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Neoconfucianism often led to significant changes in gender relations and family structure.