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INDIA NATIONAL REPORT ON DISASTER RISK, POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT RELATIONSHIP

INDIA NATIONAL REPORT ON DISASTER RISK, POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT RELATIONSHIP. Disaster Risk Reduction and Poverty : Case study of Orissa and Tamil Nadu Final Review Meeting: Asia – Bangkok. India Report. November 5, 2008. Introduction.

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INDIA NATIONAL REPORT ON DISASTER RISK, POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT RELATIONSHIP

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  1. INDIA NATIONAL REPORT ON DISASTER RISK, POVERTY AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT RELATIONSHIP Disaster Risk Reduction and Poverty : Case study of Orissa and Tamil Nadu Final Review Meeting: Asia – Bangkok India Report November 5, 2008

  2. Introduction Chapter 1 – Overall hazard vulnerability & poverty in India, Framework, Methodology Chapter 2 – Mapping socio-economic vulnerabilities Chapter 3 – Mapping of Hazard Risk Chapter 4 – Mapping of disaster impacts Chapter 5 – Vulnerabilities and Disaster Linkages Chapter 6 – Way forward

  3. NSDP and Per Capita NSDP GR (1993-94 to 2004-05) India Per Capita GDP ($PPP) (2006) = US$ 3,452 India GDP at Current Prices, 2005-06 = Rs. 25,716 Tamil Nadu Per Capita Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) (2005-06, at current prices) = Rs. 29,958 (1.16 times of India) Orissa Per Capita Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) (2005-06, at current prices) = Rs. 17,299(0.67 times of India)

  4. GDP Composition In India, just 22% GDP from primary sector & 25% from secondary sector In Orissa 36% GDP from primary sector & just 20% from secondary sector In Tamil Nadu, 30% GDP from secondary & just 14% GDP from primary Jobless growth in India primarily because of relatively small secondary sector

  5. Employment & Urbanization • Just 27.5% population in India living in urban areas • Orissa, just 15% living in urban areas • Tamil Nadu 44% living in urban areas • 59% of working population in India employed in primary sector when its GDP share is only 22% • 64% or working population in Orissa employed in primary sector, when its GDP share is 36% • Inspite of high urbanization level, 46% of workers in Tamil Nadu engaged in primary sector with income share of 14% India in general and both states in particular have stress in rural economy

  6. Comparing Indian and international poverty lines

  7. Poverty Profile - India Incidence of poverty in India, the Head Count Ratio is 28.7% for rural and 25.7% for urban in 2004-05 220.9 millions in rural and 80.80 millions in urban areas live below the officially defined poverty line in 2004-05 Total 301.72 million population living below poverty line in 2004-05 Just 18.65 million population have come out of poverty from 1993-94 to 2004-05 (in last 10 years) Slowing down of poverty decline is inspite of high economic growth rate in this period. Growth is accompanied by increasing inequalities

  8. Rural Poverty - India There is regional dimension to rural poverty. Eastern states have the highest rural poverty followed by western states & southern states

  9. Poverty Among SC, ST and All - Rural Rural poverty also has social dimension; The HCR among Scheduled Tribes (STs) is 48% and among Scheduled Castes (SC) is 35% in 2004-05

  10. Poverty in Orissa • 47% rural population below official poverty line • 44% urban population below official poverty line • Increase in urban poverty from 41% to 44% in 1993-94 to 2004-05 period • Rural poverty gap index value 12.1 and urban PG index value 14.1 in 2004-05 • Gini coefficient increased in rural from 24.6 to 28.5 • Gini coefficient in urban increased from 30.7 to 35.4 • Poverty among SCs is 50% and among STs is 77% • SCs 16.5% of state’s population and STs 22.1%

  11. Poverty in Tamil Nadu • 23% rural population below official poverty line • 22% urban population below official poverty line • Decrease in urban poverty from 40% to 22% in 1993-94 to 2004-05 period • Rural poverty gap index value 3.7 and urban PG index value 5.3 in 2004-05 • Gini coefficient increased in rural from 31.2 to 32.2 • Gini coefficient in urban increased from 34.8 to 36.1 • Poverty among SCs is 30% and among STs is 31% • SC 19% of state’s population and STs just 1%

  12. IMRs - Manifestation

  13. Malnourishment Among Children

  14. Hazard prone areas of India Of the 35 states and union territories, 27 area hazard prone 241 districts are multi-hazard prone May to November months are the most hazard-prone

  15. Earthquake Hazard

  16. Wind & Cyclone Hazard

  17. Wind & Cyclone Hazard Zone, Orissa Whole of coastal region is hazard proof

  18. Coastal Tamil Nadu is also hazard proof

  19. Annual trends of Disaster - Orissa Higher incidence reported after 2003 in Orissa because of better reporting Question of quality of data

  20. Annual Disaster Trend – Tamil Nadu

  21. Literacy Rate, 2004-05

  22. SC – ST Literacy

  23. Orissa Cyclone dominates disaster events Epidemics lead population affected Epidemics lead human deaths followed by cyclone

  24. Buildings largely damaged by cyclone Property loss due to floods

  25. Tamil Nadu Largest data cards of fire Largest proportion of population exposed is floods Largest death because of Tsunami

  26. Tamil Nadu Largest proportion of buildings damaged because of floods Largest property damaged because of floods

  27. Key development and poverty challenges • Rural poverty • Low ranking on Hunger Index of India. Tamil Nadu and Orissa in category of alarming level of hunger • Increasing inequalities • Children and women’s health • Low female literacy (taken as proxy for poverty in some studies such as Gujarat State’s HDR) • A quarter in Tamil Nadu and about half households in Orissa live in temporary house structures. This is also a proxy for poverty

  28. Methodology Enhance Poverty Outcomes Disaster Risk • The reverse loop Disaster Risk to Poverty requires longitudinal household level data, which not available at the moment in India Attempt is to capture poverty through • Head Count Ratio (Private estimates) • Proportion of SC and ST (Population Census) (Proxy for poverty) • Temporary Housing (Population Census) (Proxy for poverty) District Level Analysis of these dimensions of poverty with disaster data Relationship of Poverty and Disaster Risk captured through correlations & scatter diagrams

  29. Data issues • A Caution – District Level Poverty estimates are private estimates and not individual estimates. Official level poverty estimates are only upto state level • Disinventar Data – Better reporting in the last three years • TN – Tsunami dominates the impacts which cannot be seen across all the districts (More than half the deaths in last 10 years is because of tsunami)

  30. Poverty disaster linkages – Some observations • Tamilnadu reports 283epidemic-related deaths whereas the figure for Orissa is a shocking 9848. The poverty-disaster link can be established here. • In Tamil Nadu, epidemic related deaths localised in 4 backward districts, in Orissa spread throughout the state indicating poor public provisioning of health care. • No death due to heat wave reported in Tamil Nadu inspite of warm climate indicating possibility of quicker access to emergency care. • In Orissa, the bulk of disaster loss is borne by the coastal districts which are not only at much higher levels of per capita income, but also are better off in terms of infrastructure and human poverty criteria than the interior districts. This is in part the consequence of locational vulnerability to climatic hazards, and may also reflect the greater degree of urbanization and higher density of population of the coastal districts.

  31. Flood deaths are higher in Tamil Nadu than Orissa because of higher population density in the former. • Fire related deaths in Tamil Nadu are higher than in Orissa and are concentrated in the industrialized belt of Chennai, Tiruvallur, Kancheepuram and Vellore

  32. Correlations – Poverty with disaster impacts

  33. Correlations – Poverty with disaster impacts

  34. Correlations – Poverty with disaster impacts

  35. Orissa

  36. Tamil Nadu

  37. Tamil Nadu Orissa

  38. Tamil Nadu Orissa

  39. Conclusions • The correlations presented are indications of relationship existing • Two states taken contrast each other in development trajectories and nature of state policy • Orissa historically less developed, agricultural, subsistence economy, a section of population adversely impacted by degrading natural resources. Inefficient state in intervening for welfare. • Tamil Nadu, historically well developed, industrial economy, with a long history of welfare interventions. Efficient welfare state

  40. Way forward • This report should lead to developing data base of households in disaster prone areas. This should lead to longitudinal data sets. Disaster management has been mainstreamed in India in the 11th Plan Document and such data can be useful. • Move towards district level poverty estimates • Improvement in Disinventor data itself.

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