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EUROPE

EUROPE. MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES. WESTERN EXTREMITY OF EURASIA LINGERING WORLD INFLUENCE HIGH DEGREES OF SPECIALIZATION MANUFACTURING DOMINANCE NUMEROUS NATION-STATES URBANIZED POPULATION HIGH STANDARDS OF LIVING. SUBDIVISIONS OF THE REALM. Western Europe Eastern Europe

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EUROPE

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  1. EUROPE

  2. MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES • WESTERN EXTREMITY OF EURASIA • LINGERING WORLD INFLUENCE • HIGH DEGREES OF SPECIALIZATION • MANUFACTURING DOMINANCE • NUMEROUS NATION-STATES • URBANIZED POPULATION • HIGH STANDARDS OF LIVING

  3. SUBDIVISIONS OF THE REALM • Western Europe • Eastern Europe • British Isles • Northern Europe • Mediterranean Europe

  4. PHYSICAL LANDSCAPES • Alpine System • Western Uplands • Central Uplands • North European Lowland

  5. Brief historical/political notes • The Greek and Roman civilizations • The Roman Empire was huge • Rome itself was huge • At its peak, it had a population that exceeded a million • Roman rule meant that peoples in different regions focused on particular goods • Local functional specialization • Emergence of the Romance languages • Italian, French, Spanish, Portugese, Romanian, …

  6. More history … • Even though Christianity was born in a different realm, the Roman Empire helped spread the religion • The fall of the Roman Empire is the beginning of the Dark Ages • Until the Reformation and Renaissance in the fifteenth century • During its weak period, invaded by the Moors and the Ottoman Turks

  7. Beginnings of Modern Europe • Agricultural revolution • Increase in productivity • Laid the foundation for the later industrial revolution • Industrial revolution • Eighteenth and nineteenth centuries • The rise of mercantilism and imperialism • European colonies all over the world • The hegemony of the British • Until the end of the nineteenth century

  8. The first half of the 20th century • The increasingly powerful Germany • WW I • WW II • The end of the European hegemony

  9. RELATIVE LOCATION • At the heart of the land hemisphere • Maximum efficiency for contact with the rest of the world • Every part of Europe is close to the sea. • Navigable waterways • Moderate distances

  10. RELATIVE LOCATION

  11. AGRARIAN REVOLUTION • Began in Europe in the 1750s • Based on new agricultural innovations • Enabled increased food production • Enabled sustained population increase

  12. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • Developed in the UK between 1750-1850 • Evolved from technical innovations that occurred in British industry • Proved to be a major catalyst towards increased urbanization • Produced a distinct spatial pattern in Europe

  13. INDUSTRIAL LOCATION THEORY • Alfred Weber published his work in 1909. • Examined the influences that affect industrial location • Focused on activities that occur at specific points • Identified agglomerative and deglomerative forces

  14. AREAL FUNCTIONAL SPECIALIZATION • Particular peoples and particular places concentrating on the production of particular goods • Roman Empire • -- Parts of North Africa - granaries • -- Elba produced iron ore. • -- Southern Spain mined and exported silver and lead.

  15. Population of Europe • Falling share of the world’s population • Fertility at an all-time low • Fewer young people • Smaller working age population • Boom & bust age-dependent

  16. Population of Europe • Population Growth Rate: 0% • Birth Rate: 10 births/1,000 population • Death Rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population • Labor force: (sources - CIA Fact Book) • Industry 41% • Agriculture 6% • Other (services, etc.) 53% • Population profiles: • Current snapshots • Reveal historical events • Enable projections

  17. POPULATION DENSITY EUROPE Population Density: 265.2 persons per square mile Urbanization: 73%

  18. URBAN TRADITION • URBANIZATION • RELATED CONCEPTS • PRIMATE CITY • METROPOLIS • CBD

  19. CITIES • The term is a political designation. • Refers to a municipal entity that is governed by some kind of administrative organization • The largest cities (especially capitals) are: • the foci of the state • complete microcosms of their national cultures

  20. PRIMATECITIES • A country’s largest city • Jefferson’s criteria: • Always disproportionately larger than the second largest urban center -- more than twice the size • Expressive of the national culture • Usually (but not always) the capital • Examples: Paris, London, Athens

  21. METROPOLITANCOMPLEXES Older Core or Central City The “Burbs” Outer Suburban City

  22. EUROPEAN versus AMERICAN CITIES • Similarities • Central core • Suburban ring

  23. EUROPEAN versus AMERICAN CITIES • Differences • High suburban density • Apartments • Public transportation • Land scarcity • Centralized Urban planning

  24. European Regions • Western Europe • The British Isles • Nordic Europe • Mediterranean Europe • Eastern Europe

  25. Western Europe:Germany • Germany of the past • The Federal Republic • Germany Today

  26. Region 1: Germany • Role in WWI and WWII • Massive rebuilding after WWII • The US’ Marshall Plan • Germany split into West and East after WWII • Reunified after the fall of the Soviet Union • Eastern Germany is poorer • Capital moved from Bonn to Berlin

  27. Region 1: Germany

  28. Region 1: Germany

  29. France • Role in Europe • Paris

  30. Region 1: France • Larger than Germany … as a territory • Wonderful water-access to the world • Yet, no terrific natural harbors • Dominated by Paris • Almost 10 million residents • And an equal # of American tourists  • Lyon, second largest city, < 1.5 million people • Center of economic activity

  31. Benelux Countries • Belgium • Netherlands • Luxembourg

  32. Region 1:Benelux • In the NW corner • Belgium, Netherlands, Luxemburg • Also referred to as the low countries • High population density • The people of Netherlands are called … ? • Brussels, capital of Belgium is also the center of EU • Luxemburg is a very small state • Compares with Singapore

  33. British Isles

  34. Northern Europe • Site and Situation • Role in Europe

  35. A Few Nordic Folks!

  36. MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE

  37. MEDITERRANEAN EUROPE • SIX COUNTRIES • A DISCONTINUOUS REGION • ON THE PERIPHERY • CULTURAL CONTINUITY DATES FROM GRECO-ROMAN TIMES • MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATE • HOT - DRY SUMMERS • WARM/COOL - MOIST WINTERS

  38. ITALY • MOST POPULATED OF MEDITERRANEAN COUNTRIES • BEST CONNECTED TO THE EUROPEAN CORE • MOST ECONOMICALLY ADVANCED • DISPLAYS A SHARP NORTH/SOUTH CONTRAST (ANCONA LINE ) • MILAN • ITALY’S LARGEST CITY AND MANUFACTURING CENTER • ALSO THE COUNTRY’S FINANCIAL AND SERVICE-INDUSTRY CENTER

  39. ITALY • ROME • FOUNDED ABOUT 3,000 YEARS AGO • ATTAINED AN ESTIMATED POPULATION OF 1 MILLION < THE END OF THE 1ST CENTURY AD • ONLY 30,000 PEOPLE BY THE 13TH CENTURY • BECAME ITALY’S CAPITAL IN 1870 • CURRENTLY HAS ABOUT 2.7 MILLION PEOPLE • VATICAN CITY • AN ENCLAVE WITHIN ROME • THE HEADQUARTERS OF ROMAN CATHOLICISM • FUNCTIONS AS AN INDEPENDENT ENTITY

  40. Milan

  41. Levico Venice

  42. Pisa Venice

  43. EASTERN EUROPE REGIONS • WESTERN • NORTHERN • MEDITERRANEAN • EASTERN

  44. EASTERN EUROPE(REGIONAL IDENTIFIERS) • EUROPE’S LARGEST REGION • ADJOINS 3 OF 4 OTHER EUROPEAN REGIONS • CONTAINS THE MOST COUNTRIES • INCLUDES EUROPE’S LARGEST STATE • INCORPORATES EUROPE’S POOREST COUNTRY • IN 1990, NONE OF ITS STATES COULD MEET THE CRITERIA FOR MEMBERSHIP IN THE EU • REACHES INTO THE RUSSIAN ZONE OF INFLUENCE

  45. Region 5: Eastern Europe • A few interesting notes: • Magyars (Hungarians) have an Asian connection • Some say it is related to the Mongol invasion • As a language, Hungarian is related to Finnish and Estonian • Romania is the home to Count Dracula • Transylvania • A major social issue in Romania, the Czech Republic, Poland • The Romas (gypsies) • Albania is an extremely poor country • Moldova is even POORER

  46. Salzburg Olomouc

  47. KEY CONCEPTS • BALKANIZATION • ETHNIC CLEANSING • DEVOLUTION • SHATTER BELT

  48. BALKANIZATION • FROM THE VERB BALKANIZE, WHICH MEANS TO BREAK UP (AS IN A REGION) INTO SMALLER AND OFTEN HOSTILE UNITS • ORIGINATES FROM A MOUNTAIN RANGE IN BULGARIA • APPLIED TO THE SOUTHERN HALF OF EASTERN EUROPE, i.e., THE BALKAN COUNTRIES OF THE BALKAN PENINSULA

  49. ETHNIC GROUPS IN EASTERN EUROPE

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