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Humoral Immunity and Clotting

Humoral Immunity and Clotting. HUMORAL IMMUNITY- KEY TERMS: . ANTIGEN: a substance that can stimulate the body to produce antibodies ANTIBODY: a substance produced by the body to destroy or inactivate a foreign substance (antigen)

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Humoral Immunity and Clotting

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  1. Humoral Immunity and Clotting

  2. HUMORAL IMMUNITY-KEY TERMS: • ANTIGEN: • a substance that can stimulate the body to produce antibodies • ANTIBODY: • a substance produced by the body to destroy or inactivate a foreign substance (antigen) • ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY complex has a lock and key fit.

  3. Agglutination: • The clumping of microbes/cells when held together by antibodies

  4. B-lymphocyte activation (Humoral Response) • B-lymphocyte searches for antigen matching its receptor • If found, triggering signal is set off • Helper T cells release activating proteins (cytokines) B/cytotoxicT cells • B cells divide into plasma cells and B memory cells • Plasma cells release antibodies • B memory cells: prolonged life span, “remember” specific intruders

  5. Lymphoctye T-Lymphoctye B-Lymphoctye Regulatory T-Lymphoctye Memory B-Lymphoctye signal activate Cytotoxic T -Lymphoctye Plasma B-Lymphoctye Helper T-Lymphoctye activate antibody release

  6. Cytotoxic T cell killing a cancer cell

  7. Immune Disorders • Allergy – Hypersensitivity to relatively harmless environmental antigen • Autoimmunity – Inappropriate/excessive response to self-antigens (molecules native to the person = self) • Lupus – Inflammatory disease that affects many tissues (joints, blood vessels, kidneys, nervous system, skin) • HIV/AIDS – Targets certain T-cells, destroying them (CD4-T cells most often targeted)

  8. THROMBOCYTES:Platelets • No nucleus • Cell “fragments” • Irregular, disc shaped • Clot blood • Help maintain endothelial lining

  9. CLOTTING MECHANISM • Injury to blood vessel; clotting factors are released into the plasma • Platelets form soft “platelet plug” • Prothrombin activator released • Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin into thrombin • Thrombin reacts with fibrinogen to form fibrin, a fibrous gel • Fibrin tangles RBC’s & platelets to form clot

  10. Clotting Disorders • Thrombosis • Clot forms in unbroken blood vessels = thrombus • Embolism • Clot dislodges (embolus) • Hemophilia • Inherited disorder • Lack of clotting factor, important plasma proteins for clotting • Thrombocytopenia • Decreased platelet count • Bleeding from small blood vessels throughout body

  11. Use the following in your story about a “strange” bacterium that enters through a cut. • Antigen • Antibody • B-lymphocyte • Clot • Clotting Factors • Cytokines • Cytotoxic-T cells • Fibrin • Fibrinogen • Helper-T cells • Memory-B cells • Plasma Cells • Platelet Plug • Platelets • Prothrombin • Prothrombin Activator • Thrombin

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