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Plant Diversity. Chapter 22.2-22.5. Chapter 22 Vocabulary. 22.2 Bryophyte Rhizoid Gemma Protonema Antheridium Archegonium. 22.3 Vascular Tissue Tracheid Xylem Phloem Lignin Root Vein Leaf Stem Rhizomes Frond Sporangium Sorus. Chapter 22 Vocabulary. 22.4 Gymnosperm Cone
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Plant Diversity Chapter 22.2-22.5
Chapter 22 Vocabulary • 22.2 • Bryophyte • Rhizoid • Gemma • Protonema • Antheridium • Archegonium • 22.3 • Vascular Tissue • Tracheid • Xylem • Phloem • Lignin • Root • Vein • Leaf • Stem • Rhizomes • Frond • Sporangium • Sorus
Chapter 22 Vocabulary • 22.4 • Gymnosperm • Cone • Pollen grain • Pollination • Seed • Embryo • Seed Coat • 22.5 • Angiosperm • Fruit • Monocot • Dicot • Cotyledon • Annual • Biennial • Perennial
Overview of the Plant Kingdom • Plants are divided into four groups based on these features: • Water-Conducting Tissues • Seeds • Flowers • Plants are also classified by other features, including reproductive structures and body plan.
Plant Classification • Seedless, Nonvascular Plants (Bryophytes) • Mosses and Liverworts • Seedless, Vascular Plants (Pteridophytes) • Ferns and Horsetails • Seeded, Vascular Plants • Gymnosperms (Cone-bearing) • Angiosperms (Flower-bearing) • Monocot • Dicot
Plant Life Cycle • Characterized by an “alternation of generations.” • During the two phases of the life cycle, mitosis and meiosis alternate to produce the two types of reproductive cells — gametes and spores. • The diploid (2N) phase is called the sporophyte, or spore-producing plant. • The haploid (N) phase is called the gametophyte, or gamete-producing plant.
Crash Course Biology • NonVascular Plant Reproduction
Bryophytes 22.2
22.2 Vocabulary • Bryophyte • Rhizoid • Gemma • Protonema • Antheridium • Archegonium
What is a Bryophyte? • Bryophytes are seedless, nonvascular plants. • These plants DO NOT have vascular or specialized tissues that conduct water and nutrients. • DO NOT have true leaves, stems, or roots. • The Bryophyte life cycle that depends on water for reproduction. • They take in water by osmosis. • They are low-growing plants found in moist, shaded areas.
Groups of Bryophytes • There are 3 groups of Bryophytes: • 1. Mosses • 2. Liverworts • 3. Hornworts
Groups of Bryophytes • 1) Moss • The most common types of bryophyte. • They are adapted to life in wet habitats and nutrient poor soil. • They can tolerate low temperatures. • They are basically clumps of gametophytes growing together.
Structure of a Moss Plant • Gametophyte – looks like mini evergreen (not true leaves) • Sporophyte – thin stalk with a capsule(not a true stem) • Rhizoids – anchor plant to the ground and absorb water and minerals from the soil
Human Uses of Mosses • Sphagnum mosses thrive in the acidic water of bogs. • Dried sphagnum can act as a natural sponge and can accumulate to form peat deposits. • Peat can then be cut from the ground and used as fuel.
Groups of Bryophytes • 2) Liverworts • Gametophyte looks like ‘leaves’ on the ground. • Sporophyte looks like a tiny umbrella. • These carry the structures that produce eggs and sperm.
Structure of a Liverwort • Some liverworts can also reproduce asexually by means of gemmae. • Gemmae are small multicellular reproductive structures. • In some species, gemmae form in gemma cups. • When washed out of the cup, the gemmae can divide by mitosis to produce a new individual.
Groups of Bryophytes • 3) Hornworts • Are found only in soil that is damp nearly year-round. • Gametophytes look like ‘leaves’ on ground. • Sporophyte looks like tiny green horns.
Life Cycle of Bryophytes • Bryophytes reproduce and develop by alternation of generations. • The gametophyte is the dominant stage of the life cycle and is the stage that carries out most of the plant's photosynthesis. • When a spore lands in a moist place, it germinates and grows into a mass of tangled green filaments called a protonema. • As the protonema grows, rhizoids grow into the ground and shoots grow into the air. • These shoots grow into green moss plants, which are the gametophyte stage of its life cycle.
Life Cycle of Bryophytes • Gametes form in structures at the tips of the gametophytes. • Sperm are produced in antheridia, the male reproductive structure. • Eggs are produced in archegonia, the female reproductive structure. • Some species produce both sperm and eggs on the same plant.
Seedless Vascular Plants Ferns & Their Relatives 22.3
22.3 Vocabulary • Vascular Tissue • Tracheid • Xylem • Phloem • Lignin • Root • Vein • Leaf • Stem • Rhizomes • Frond • Sporangium • Sorus
Evolution of Vascular Tissue • 420 million years ago, moss-like plants on land were joined by taller plants. • Evidence shows that these plants had vascular tissue, which is specialized to conduct water and nutrientsthroughout the plant.
What is Vascular Tissue? • Vascular tissue is specialized to conduct water and nutrients through the plant. • There are 2 types of vascular tissue: • 1. Xylem – carries water from the roots to the rest of the plant. • 2. Phloem – carries nutrients and carbs produced by photosynthesis to all parts of the plant.
Groups of Seedless Vascular Plants (Ferns & Their Relatives) • 1. Club Mosses • 2. Horsetails • 3. Ferns
Club Mosses • Commonly called ground pines • Bushy, tree like branches above, but unbranched at the base • Small leaves with single unbranched vein • Have deep growing roots like Rhizomes • Live in moist woods and clearings
Horsetails • Have underground Rhizomes • Reproduce by spores at the tips of branches • Found in wetlands
Ferns • Ferns have: • vascular tissues • strong roots • underground stems called rhizomes • leaves called fronds • Ferns all have roots, stems, and leaves. • Roots- absorb water and minerals • Leaves- carryout photosynthesis • Stems- support structures that carry water and nutrients.
Life Cycle of Ferns • Characterized by the dominant sporophyte stage. • Fern sporophytes develop haploid spores on the underside of their fronds in structures called sporangia. • Sporangia are grouped into clusters called sori.
