Motivation, Emotion & Stress : Motivation

1. Motivation, Emotion & Stress:Motivation Ap psychology: Unit Ix Designated Unit: Unit II The Biological Bases

2. Introduction: Fact or Falsehood? • Humans who have had ulcerated/cancerous stomachs removed do not experience hunger • False • Part of knowing when to eat is the memory of our last meal • True • People are less willing to try novel animal-based foods than novel vegetable-based foods • True

3. Introduction: Fact or Falsehood? • Men’s descriptions of the feelings that accompany sex cannot be distinguished from those of women • True • Normal fluctuations in sex hormones have significant effect on human sexual desire • False • Homosexuality is linked with problems in a child’s relationship with parents • False

4. Introduction: Fact or Falsehood? • When asked “what is it that makes your life meaningful?” most people mention “meaningful work” before anything else • False • Married people are less at risk for depression, suicide and early death than are unattached people • True

5. Introduction: Fact or Falsehood? • People report the greatest enjoyment of life when they are quietly relaxing • False • The most satisfied and successful people spend more time correcting their deficiencies than accentuating their strengths • False

6. Student Responses…

7. I get up for school in the morning… • Because I have to…(x at least 50…) • Because I need to… • So I don’t get kicked out of school… • Because I like to see my friends & I feel a sense of accomplishment when I do something with my day. I don’t really do anything else, so without school I’m sort of useless… • Because I have to be educated in order to get a good job in the future. And also, my mom will kick me if I don’t… • To get an education. Even if school wasn’t compulsory I would still go because knowledge is a pillar of success. • I wake up for me. I’ve been learning of a new philosophy that is interesting. It talks about how you’re the most important person in your life. Food for thought.

8. I workout… • To stay healthy and fit… • To be more attractive… • To get that bikini-ready body, spring break people! • To release stress and to feel better about myself… • Because, in all honesty, I would prefer to be able to move when I’m 80 years old… • Because it’s a hobby; without physical challenge, life, to me, would be boring… • I don’t (x at least 30…)

9. I eat dinner… • Because I’M HUNGRY! • Because I love to eat! I won’t eat if I’m not hungry though…but I’m usually hungry 24/7… • Because I usually want to eat around 6 pm… • Because food tastes good…num num num… • It tastes good, tummy rumblies are annoying and it’s necessary to not pass out and such… • Because my parents make me… • To stay alive and so the hydrochloric acid doesn’t eat away at my stomach… • To not die…

10. I engage in romantic relationships… • Because I like feeling loved & special... • Because they’re fun & they prepare me for marriage… • Because boys are so hot…OMG… • Because I love girls & they love me… • Because I’m stupid… • Because I think it helps you discover good & bad things about yourself & thus allows you to work on those things… • Because of an emotional/physical connection & also partly because of an inborn natural desire to further my bloodline in a way that society deems acceptable... • To find a spouse; however, I believe that most high school relationships are pointless. If you can’t see yourself marrying the person, why date them? • Ha! Good one! #foreveralone

11. Or not… • Because it’s unhealthy… • Because I don’t like to be controlled… • Because say it with me now, D-R-A-M-A… • Because truthfully I am too busy to handle that drama & because love can be superficial & it doesn’t often last… • Because in this moment it is a useless, meaningless function, that if anything would be a hindrance…

12. I am going to college… • To get educated… • To get a job later in life… • To be successful in the future! • Honestly, because of social pressure. I also don’t want to end up working twice as hard for half the money… • To party…and to get an education (I guess…) • To get a piece of paper that will say I’m “better” qualified for a job. That’s not to say that college is pointless. It’s rather beneficial, but the concept of “needing” to earn a degree makes me scowl… • Because my mom will cry if I don’t…

13. Idon’t engage in illegal activities… • Because they are against the law… • Because I don’t want to ruin my life! • Because it is against my moral code & ethical standards... • Hmm…I don’t want to go to jail because they have gross food there & the people are creepy & scary, plus I don’t want to mess up my life by doing stupid things like drugs… • I’m just a boring person (and that question is assuming that I don’t. Is this a stereotype that all of your AP kids are goody two-shoes?) Also, I’m really cheap and would rather spend my time & money on more important things to me. Oh, and the majority of my friends don’t which is a large deterrent. • Because karma.

14. Motivation: The Basics Part one

15. Motivation: The Basics • Motivation • A need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal • Influences that account for the initiation, direction, intensity and persistence of behavior • Sources of Motivation • Biological, Emotional, Cognitive & Social Factors

16. Motivation: The Basics • Extrinsic Motivation • A desire to perform a behavior because of promised rewards or threats of punishment • Example • Studying for a test (to get an A or to avoid an F) • Problem • Behaviors maintained by extrinsic motivation will not be effectively sustained once the reward is removed • Behavior levels may be lower than before the reward was given

17. Motivation: The Basics • Intrinsic Motivation • A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner • Has an edge over extrinsic motivation in some areas, especially creativity • Tends to result in higher achievement

18. Motivation: Theories of Motivation Part TWO

19. Theories: Instinct Theory • A theory of motivation that asserts that human behavior is guided by innate biological instincts • Instinct • A fixed pattern that occurs without learning; rigidly patterned within a species • Examples • Imprinting, salmon spawning, rooting reflex • Basic human instincts?

20. Theories: Drive Reduction Theory • An approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal tensions (drives) to push the organism towards satisfying the need, thus reducing tension & arousal • Primary Drives v. Secondary Drives • Physiological aim of drive reduction is homeostasis

21. Theories: Arousal Theory • A theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation • Goals • Increase arousal when it’s too low • Decrease arousal when it’s too high

22. Theories: Arousal Theory (Example) • It’s Friday night & you’re sitting at a restaurant with 3 friends who are all taking the SAT in the morning... • Friend A: “You know, I don’t really care about the test. I’m going to a trade school and I’m only taking the test because my parents want me to. Can I have some of your fries?” • Friend B: “I want to do well, but if I screw up on this test, it’s not going to permanently ruin my life. I’ll give it my best shot. Where’s the ketchup?” • Friend C: “It’s all on the line tomorrow. If I don’t get a good score, it will change my life forever. I’m so nervous, I can’t eat…”

23. Theories: Yerkes-Dodson Law • The theory that psychological arousal helps performance, but only to a certain point • The optimum level of arousal depends on the difficulty of the task • Each person has an optimum level of stimulation that they prefer to maintain • Friend B would probably perform best on the test • Too much or too little arousal can decrease performance • Friend A has too low a level & Friend C is over stimulated

24. Theories: Incentive Theory • A theory of motivation in which incentives (either positive or negative stimuli) pull us toward a goal • Behavior is guided by the lure of reward and the threat of punishment

25. Theories: Maslow’s Hierarchy • Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) • Humanistic psychologist who developed the hierarchy of needs, stating that some needs take priority over others • Begins at the base with physiological needs, and then proceeds through safety needs to psychological needs • Higher-level needs won’t become active until lower-level needs have been satisfied

27. Motivation: Hunger Part three “Hunger does something to you that’s hard to describe…”

28. The Biological Bases of Hunger

29. Motivation: Hunger • Hunger DOES NOT come from our stomach • It comes from our brain • Hypothalamus • Regulates appetite; serves as a weight “thermostat” • Damage to this area can cause weight gain due to lack of restraint in eating

30. Motivation: Hunger • Ventromedial Hypothalamus (VMH) • Depresses hunger (upon stimulation) • If the VMH is destroyed, one will overeat • Lateral Hypothalamus (LH) • Brings on hunger (upon stimulation) • If the LH is destroyed, one will under eat

31. Motivation: Hunger The Hypothalamus & Hormones

33. Motivation: Hunger • Weight Set Point • The point at which an individual’s weight thermostat is supposedly set • Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) • The rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting • When the body falls below the set point, increased hunger and a lower BMR may act to restore the lost weight…

34. Motivation: Hunger • Implications for Dieting • A “normal” weight person who overeats will experience an increase in metabolism, thus preventing weight gain • A “normal” weight person who under eats will experience a decrease in metabolism, thus preventing weight loss • The body reacts as if it is in starvation mode…

36. Motivation: Hunger • Set Point Theory explains why so many “successful” dieters regain the weight; they return to set point • Erik Chopin • Set Point? • Still valid? • Settling Point?

37. The Psychology of Hunger

38. Motivation: Hunger • External Influences • Sight, sound and smell of food • Memory (of last meal…) • Due to difficulties with retention, amnesia patients eat frequently if given food • Cultural/Environmental Influences • Taste preferences • Biology or culture? • Sweet & salty are genetic & universal • Others? • Conditioned & in many cases adaptive

39. Motivation: Hunger • Anorexia Nervosa • An eating disorder in which a person becomes significantly underweight (15%) • Self-starvation diets, extreme exercise regimens and delusions • Bulimia Nervosa • An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating (high-caloric foods), followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting or excessive exercise • Characterized by weight fluctuations • Binge-Eating Disorder

40. Thinnest Fattest Women’s ideal Women’s current body image What women believed men preferred What men actually preferred

43. Motivation: Hunger • Some statistics (WHO, 2007) • Overweight: 1 billion+ • Clinically Obese: 300 million (BMI of 30+) • Which is more dangerous? • Apple or pear shape? • Why? • Obesity • A disorder characterized by excessive weight • Obesity increases the risk for a number of health issues • Obesity gene? Heritability of obesity?

45. Motivation: Sex paRT FOUR

46. Motivation: Sex • Obviously… • Sex is natural • Without sex, none of us would be here • “Sex is nature’s clever way of making people procreate, enabling our species to survive…” • So… • How do researchers study sex?

47. The Biological Bases of Sex

48. Motivation: Sex • Alfred Kinsey (1950s) • Researcher/biologist at the University of Indiana • Published Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948) and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female • Held confidential interviews with 18,000 people in the early 1950s • Pioneer in terms of sex research • The Kinsey Scale (1-6)

49. Motivation: Sex

50. Motivation: Sex • William Masters & Virginia Johnson (1960s) • Set out to explore the physiology of sex • 382 females and 312 males • After their research was complete they ran an institute that claimed to “turn” gay people straight • Described the sexual response cycle • Excitement • Plateau • Orgasm • Resolution