Sentences

1. Sentences

2. A sentence is… A sentence is a complete thought. A sentence is one ‘unit’ of thought that should be complete in sense and structure. A sentence should be written with the correct punctuation marks and word order.

3. A sentence should start with a capital letter… • Tony loves Lucy! • I am very busy at work. • He is hoping to go travelling. • Where are we going?

4. …and end with: • a full stop . • a question mark ? • an exclamation mark ! • Different types of sentence: • a statement is a sentence that ends in a full stop • an exclamation is a sentence that ends with an exclamation mark (to show feeling) • a question is a sentence that begins with a questioning word and ends in a question mark.

5. Complete the sentence. • Write the correct end of sentence punctuation into the box (. ! ?) • to make the following sentences make sense. • Are you coming shopping • Where is James going • Let’s get food – I’m starving • Sarah has gone to the bank

6. For a sentence to be complete it should have a subject and a verb. • The subject is who • or what the sentence is • about, for example: • Tom loves to eat pasta. • Tom is the subject. • Activity: • Underline the subject of each sentence. Hazel loves to eat pizza. ___________________ St Helens is fantastic! ___________________ I enjoy learning. ___________________ My car is very old. ___________________

7. For a sentence to be complete it should have a subject and a verb. Activity: Underline the verb from each sentence. • A verb is a ‘doing’ • or ‘being’ word, for • example: • Tom is happy. • Tom rides his • bicycle. • I am happy. • is, rides and am • are the verbs. • Sheila cooks tea. • Jamil likes beer. •   The company apologised for the mistake. • The dogs tugged at the rope

8. Does my sentence start with a capital letter? • Does my sentence end with a full stop, exclamation mark or a question mark? • Does my sentence include a main subject (the person or thing being written about) • Does my sentence have a verb (a doing word e.g. cook, eat, write, study, speak, go, run,) or a ‘being’ word e.g. am, is, was, are) To check if you have written a complete sentence ask yourself the following questions:

9. More about sentences • Sentences are made up of clauses. Simple sentences consist of just one clause that makes complete sense on its own. • Eg. • The children watched a TV programme. • Their mother made their tea. • Simple sentences are often short like those above but not always: • The large, green bin in the corner need to be emptied by the cleaners everyday.

10. Simple sentences • Here are some examples of simple sentences: • My name is Helen. I am nineteen years old. I come from St Helens. I like to dance. • Write a simple sentence to answer each question: • What is your favourite hobby (what do you do for fun?) • ___________________________________ • Who is your favourite film actor / actress? • ___________________________________

11. Example: Michael likes his work. (simple sentence) Michael works hard. (simple sentence) Michael likes his job and works hard. (compound sentence) A compound sentence is made up of two simple sentences joined together and has two or more clauses. They are joined using co-ordinating conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (FANBOYS) Compound sentences

12. Make the following into compound sentences using either: • for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so • look at how the meaning of the sentences change! • Bill was sad. Dave was happy. • Bill was sad _____________ Dave was happy. • Edna was in love. Tim was not in love. • Edna was in love ______________Tim was not in love. • Steve likes Chinese food. Karen likes Indian food. • Steve likes Chinese food ________________Karen likes Indian food. • Asia likes going to the movies. Jim likes going to • the movies too. • Asia likes going to the movies _____________Jim likes going to the movies too.

13. More on conjunctionssubordinating conjunctions • Subordinating conjunctions are used with complex sentences • These conjunctions explain why: because as since • Question: Why are you so happy today? • Answer: I am happy because the sun is shining! • Answer: As it’s my birthday today, I’m buying a new car! • Answer: Since it’s my birthday, I’m going to the spa.

14. More on conjunctionssubordinate conjunctions These conjunctions are to do with time: after, when and since. Question: Are you doing anything nice this evening? Answer: When I have done all of my work, I will go to the cinema. After I have finished my work, I will go running.

15. Complex sentences A complex sentence is usually made up of a main clause (that would make sense on its own) joined by one or more subordinate clauses (could not be a sentence on their own). The meaning of these sentences is shown by the relationship between the subordinate clause and the main clause (often shown by the use of a subordinating conjunction). Example: subordinate clause main clause Since I came back from my holiday,I have had a horrible cold. main clause subordinate clause He left the office early, bought a paper and had a leisurely lunch.

16. Writing complex sentencesusing subordinate conjunctions • 1. What is your main reason for coming to class? • I come to class because ___________________ . • 2. What is your favourite food? • My favourite food is _________________ because / as • __________________ • .

17. Writing complex sentences Match up the main clauses with the subordinate ones in the table below. Decide where to put the subordinate clause in your sentence Write out your sentences putting in full stops, commas and capital letters where needed.