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Test for bile pigment and ph metery :

Test for bile pigment and ph metery :. Test for calcium:. Take 2ml of urine in a test tube . Add 5mm of 5 % acetic acid. Then add few drops of 10% potassium oxalate solution. White precipitates of calcium oxalate shows the presence of calcium. B ile pigment:.

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Test for bile pigment and ph metery :

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  1. Test for bile pigment and phmetery:

  2. Test for calcium: • Take 2ml of urine in a test tube . • Add 5mm of 5 % acetic acid. • Then add few drops of 10% potassium oxalate solution. • White precipitates of calcium oxalate shows the presence of calcium

  3. Bile pigment: • Bile pigment(bilirubin) is formed in extra hepatic obstructive jaundice and in those types of of hepatic jaundice in which there is obstruction to bile flow. • Only the conjugated form is water soluble and may be excreted by kidney. • Most of the tests used for detection of bile pigment depend on the oxidation of bilirubin to different coloured compounds such as biliverdin(green) and bilicyanin(blue).

  4. Tests for bile pigment: • Foam test: • Take 5ml of urine in a test tube. • Shake the test tube. • A yellow foam is formed which persists for some time.

  5. Iodine ring test: • Take 2ml of urine in a test tube. • Add 2ml of 10% alcoholic solution of iodine. • A green ring at the junction of two solutions indicate positive test and show presence of bile pigment.

  6. Gmelin’s test: • Take 5ml of conc HNO3. • Add 5ml of urine carefully by inclining the test tube so that urine and nitric acid do not mix. • At the point of junction of two solutions various coloured rings are formed(blue, red,voilet) from above downward. • Coloured rings indicate presence of bilirubin and bilivirdin.

  7. pH metery: • pH is defined as a negative decimal logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity in a solution.or • Negative log of hydrogen ion concentration expressed in molarity. • pHis a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. • In a solution pH approximates but is not equal to p[H], the negative logarithm (base 10) of the molar concentration of dissolved hydronium ions (H3O+); a low pH indicates a high concentration of hydronium ions, while a high pH indicates a low concentration.

  8. Methods of measuring pH: • There are three methods for measuring pH; a probe and meter, litmus paper, and a field kit. The most accurate and reliable method is the probe and meter. This method is no less convenient than the other methods, but requires a more expensive piece of equipment • pH scale: • The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a substance is. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH less than 7 is acidic. A pH greater than 7 is basic.

  9. Litmus Paper • Litmus paper is simply a strip of colored paper that is soaked in sample water. The paper turns a different color depending upon the pH of the solution. It provides a very coarse measurement of pH – it is fine for making simple determinations

  10. pH meter: • A pH meter is an electronic instrument used for measuring the pH (acidity or alkalinity) of a liquid (though special probes are sometimes used to measure the pH of semi-solid substances). A typical pH meter consists of a special measuring probe (a glass electrode) connected to an electronic meter that measures and displays the pH reading.

  11. Probe and Meter • Calibrate the probe and meter. Use of two buffers (pH 7 and 10) for calibration is recommended. • Sample water can be collected in any glass or plastic container. Collect enough sample water so that you can submerge the tip of the probe. Rinse the probe with sample water before placing it in the sample. • Place the probe in the sample and wait for the meter to equilibrate. If the meter needs to be manually adjusted to correct for temperature – you’ll know it does if it has an extra temperature knob – adjust it to the temperature of the sample before allowing it to equilibrate. The meter will have come to equilibrium when the signal becomes steady. If it is taking a long time to equilibrate, you may try gently stirring the probe. However, do not agitate the sample since this may cause changes in the pH. • Read the pH directly from the meter.

  12. pH of body fluids: • Substance pH value • Blood plasma 7.3-7.5 • Gastric acid 1.0-3.0 • Mother's milk 6.6-7.6 • Saliva 6.5-7.5 • Urine 4.8-8.4

  13. 1. There are mainly 9 body fluids in our body that have certain pH values. • Fluid pH • a. Gastric Acid 0.7 • b. Lysosome 5.5 • c. Granule of Chromaffincell 5.5 • d. Neutral of H2O at 37°C 6.81 • e. Cytosol 7.2 • f. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) 7.3 • g. Arterial Blood Plasma 7.4 • h. Mitochondrial matrix 7.5 • i. Exocrine secretion of Pancreas 8.1

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