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Syncope and pre-syncope

Syncope and pre-syncope. Syncope:- sudden, transient loss of consciousness, due to reduced cerebral perfusion. The patient is unresponsive with loss of control.

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Syncope and pre-syncope

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  1. Syncope and pre-syncope • Syncope:- sudden, transient loss of consciousness, due to reduced cerebral perfusion. The patient is unresponsive with loss of control. • Pre-syncope:- feeling of light-headiness that would lead to syncope, if corrective measures were not taken ( usually sitting, lying or hanging) • It is a major cause of morbidity in elderly population occurs in ½ of institutionalized patients. Account for 5% of hospital admission. • Causes:- • Vasovagal :- vagal stimulation for example in fears and bad news • Postural hypotension:- main causes dehydration, septicaemia, medication, autonomic in Diabetes and addison’s disease. • Carotid sinus hypersensitivity • Cardiovascular :- arrythmia and outlet obstruction e.g. Aortic stenosis. • Neurology:- TIA and stroke. • A major cause of morbidity on elderly, occur in 25% of institutionalised older people , and are recurrent in 1/3. risk increase with age and with presence of CVD . It accounts for 5% of hospital admission and many serious injuries e.g. Hip fractures

  2. Assessment of syncope • History:- • Situation:- was the patient standing (orthostatic hypotension),exercising(Ischemia or arrhythmia), eating9post prandial), Frightened or in pain( vasovagal). • Prodrome;- Was there any warning? Palpitation suggest arrhythmia, light headiness suggest any cause of hypotension, gustatory or olfactory aura suggest seizure, however association are not absolute; e.g. Arrhythmia often don’t cause palpitation. • Was there any LOC:- 30% will have amnesia of any transiet LOC. • Description of the attack:- by eye witness • Recovery period :- Long indicate epilepsy and shor cardiac cause . • EXAMINATION:- • INVESTIGATION:- Blood ,ECG,other IX

  3. ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION • Common condition about 20% of community indwelling people and 50% of institutionalised older people • Most marked after meal, high temperature, exercise, and at early morning as well as late night • Reduction in systolic BP of 20mmHg on standing • Reduction in systolic BP to less than 90mmHg on standing • Reduction in diastolic BP of 10mmHg with symptoms.

  4. ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSIONCauses • Drugs, like vasodilators, diuretics, B- blockers, alpha blockers, and CCB • Dehydration and acute hemorrhage( acute loss of volume) • Septicemia • Prolonged hypertension • Autonomic failure (pure, diabetic, parkinsons) • Adrenal insufficiency • Chronic hypertension( dcrease baroreflex sensitivity and LV compliance). • Prolonged bed rest.

  5. ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION - THERAPY • Lifestyle measures • Stop offending drugs • Compression hosiery • Sympathomimetic vasoconstrictors - Midodrine, 2.5 mg tds (max 40mg daily) CI in IHD • Caffeine with meal or NSAID • Head up-tilt to bed • Erythropoietin or octreotide • Volume expansion – Fludrocortisone 0.1-0.2 mg/daily, DDAVP 5-20mg nocte.

  6. Postprandial Hypotension • Significant when associated with symptoms , and fall of BP of more than 20mmHg . Within 75 minutes of meal. • more severe in older people , those with OH and autonomic failure. • Diagnosis:- Measure BP before meal and 30/60 minutes after meal. • Treatment:- Avoid Hypotensive drugs and alcohol with meals. Reduce osmotic load meal so have more frequent meals small portions and low simple CHO, high fiber/water content. Caffiene, Flurodocortison, NSAID rarely needed.

  7. VASOVAGAL SYNCOPE -MECHANISM • Upright posture, downward displacement of blood & venous pooling leading to: • Decreased ventricular filling & cardiac mechanoreceptor activation leading to: • Increased brainstem input & reduced sympathetic outflow & increased vagal tone • Resulting in vasodilatation & bradycardia syncope

  8. CAROTID SINUS HYPERSENSITIVITY • Episoidic, symptomatic, bradycardia, and or hypotension, due to hypersensitive carotid baroreceptor reflex, resulting on syncope or near syncope. It is an important and treatable cause. • 2% in healthy individual, and 35% of fallers above the age of 80 years. • Mechanism • Typical triggers are:- neck turning( looking up or around), tight collars, straining, meal, prolonged standing. • How to perform CSM:- on a tilt table with 70 degree, CPR facilities should be available, CI if recent MI/CVA and should not be performed if carotid bruit unless normal doppler USS. Warn patient of possible SE specially arrhythmia happens in patient on digoxin, and neurological symptoms , usually transiet and happens in 0.14%). , attach the patient to cardiac monitor with beat to beat BP, identify carotid sinus, 5-10 second message, look for a systole and hypotension.,

  9. CAROTID SINUS HYPERSENSITIVITY Carotid sinus massage for 5 seconds: • Cardio inhibitory: 3 second or more period of asystole • Vasodepressor: a 50mmHg fall in systolic blood pressure • Mixed response

  10. CSH - THERAPY • Cardio-inhibitory: permanent pacing • Vasodepressor: very difficult to treat, consider those therapies used for orthostatic hypotension

  11. Dizziness • Full history ?dizziness, ?vertigo, Pre-syncope, mixed, unsteadiness, malaise or generalised weakness • Causes • Acute lybranthitis • Menieres disease • BPV • Causes of syncope and pre-syncope • Post Circulation infarction • Vertebrobasilar insufficiency • Anxiety and depression • Multifactorial

  12. Vertebrobasilar insufficiency • functional impairment of the midbrian, cerebellum, or occipital cortex , symptoms include:- • Abrupt onset, recurrent dizziness or vertigo. • Nausea and or vomiting. • Ataxia • Visual disruption. • Dysarthria • Limb parasthesia Causes:- Atherosclerosis of vertebral or cerebellar a, vertebral artery compression by cervical osteophytes secondary to OA, Obstructing tumour. Investigation:- Risk of CVD, X-ray Cx spine, CT head or MRI, MRA or Doppler

  13. Clinical senarios • 64 years old, history of flu like illness 4 days ago, now presenting with dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and vertigo, he presented to you with fall 2 hours ago. • 67 years old man lives alone , presented with nausea, vomiting, right sided weakness, and slurred speech, followed by falling on the floor. Past medical history of diabetes, glaucoma, cataract. Smokes 20 cig/ daily, drinks 5 units of ETOH. Medication:- glucophage, B-blockers eye drops. • 80 years old , collapsed when he looked up. He suffers from severe OA of both knees. He has been falling many times in the past.

  14. PATIENT ASSESSMENT FOR SYNCOPE HISTORY • Situation in which syncope occurred • Posture at time • Preceding symptoms • Actual loss of consciousness • Subsequent symptoms • Eye witness account • Co-morbidity • Drug history

  15. EXAMINATION • Heart rate / rhythm • Postural BP • Carotid bruits • Carotid sinus massage • Presence of murmurs • Neurology: evidence of stroke, cerebellar signs, Parkinson’s Disease

  16. INVESTIGATIONS • Baseline bloods : anaemia, renal dysfunction, diabetes • 12 lead ECG • Holter monitoring • Tilt testing : 80’ head up tilt for 45 minutes +/- GTN provocation. • CSM supine & 80’ head up tilt

  17. Tilt Table Testing Advise patient to avoid caffeine, large meals & alcohol prior to test Omit cardiac drugs prior to test Consent for the procedure Lie flat on tilt table for 15 minutes CSM Supine Tilt for 30 minutes If no events – carry out CSM when tilted If no events – administer 2 puffs GTN sublingually & monitor for a further 15-20 minutes depending on response

  18. Life Example • 66 lady from India, diabetic on metformin, presented with history of recurrent falls in the last 6 months. She also complained of generally feeling weak, tired, lost 7kg in the last 3 months with nausea and vomiting in the morning . O/E Bp Lying 130/80 Standing 100/60 • 76 years old , history of recurrent fall, with history Of hypertension on amlodipine, and osteoarthritis of Both knees. Last fall happened while searching for a book in his library . O/E BP L/S normal , bilateral Knee swelling, X-ray neck severe OA (previous film)

  19. Life Examples • 74 man , hypertensive on amlodipine ,and amiloride, and lisinopril also has history of bilateral knee OA with left sided TKR. Recently visited a surgeon for symptoms of BPH , started on Doxazocin 4mg . Presented with feeling light headed , dizzy, and followed by blackout and then fall. • 77 old man , history of parkinson disease , presented with recurrent falls associated with feeling dizzy on standing up ,BP (L) 140/90 (S) 110/70

  20. The End

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