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Understanding Borderline Personality Disorder Series

Understanding Borderline Personality Disorder Series. Treatment Approaches to Help Them Heal Janice R. Morabeto M.Ed. L.S.W. C.H.T. Goals and Objectives:. Review the particular therapeutic challenges with which these individuals present.

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Understanding Borderline Personality Disorder Series

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  1. Understanding Borderline Personality Disorder Series Treatment Approaches to Help Them Heal Janice R. Morabeto M.Ed. L.S.W. C.H.T.

  2. Goals and Objectives: • Review the particular therapeutic challenges with which these individuals present. • Discuss the APA guidelines for effective treatment management for individuals suffering from BPD. • Discuss the treatment approaches which show promise in helping individuals who suffer from BPD as well as their family members.

  3. Agenda • The Challenge of BPD: A brief review • APA Guidelines For Effective Treatment • Pharmacological Interventions • Dialectical Behavior Therapy • Philosophy • Principles and Practices • Psychodynamic and Pscyhoanalytic Modalities

  4. Epidemiology • Most common personality disorder in clinical settings. • 10% of individuals seen in outpatient mental health clinics, 15%–20% of psychiatric inpatients • 30%–60% of clinical populations with a personality disorder. • It occurs in an estimated 2% of the general population (1, 136). • Borderline personality disorder is diagnosed predominantly in women, with an estimated gender ratio of 3:1. The disorder is present in cultures around the world. • Five times more common among first-degree biological relatives

  5. Suicide Rates among BPD • Research suggests that 1 out of 10 individuals with BPD complete suicide Chronic Suicidality Among Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder Joel Paris, M.D. • 8-10% • Does not reflect those in the treatment groups

  6. Particular Therapeutic Challenges

  7. Core of BPD Suffering

  8. Common Denominators of Effective Treatment Programs and Providers American Psychiatric Association PRACTICE GUIDELINE FOR THE Treatment of Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder Originally published in October 2001.

  9. Suicide Precautions

  10. Suicide Precautions

  11. Suicide Precautions • Hospitalization • Wrap around services • Increasing outpatient visits plus family watches until the suicide crisis is over

  12. Suicide Precautions

  13. A promise to keep oneself safe (e.g., a “suicide contract”) should not be used as a substitute for a careful and thorough clinical evaluation of the patient’s suicidality with accompanying documentation. However, some experienced clinicians carefully attend to and intentionally utilize the negotiation of the therapeutic alliance, including discussion of the patient’s responsibility to keep himself or herself safe, as a way to monitor and minimize the risk of suicide.

  14. Impulsivity • Monitor the patient carefully for impulsive or violent behavior, which is difficult to predict and can occur even with appropriate treatment. • Address abandonment/rejection issues of anger, and impulsivity in the treatment. • Arrange for adequate coverage when away; carefully communicate this to the patient and document coverage.

  15. BOUNDARY VIOLATIONS • The following are risk management considerations for boundary issues with patients with borderline personality disorder: • Monitor carefully and explore countertransference feelings toward the patient. • Be alert to deviations from the usual way of practicing, which may be signs of countertransference problems—e.g., appointments at unusual hours, longer-than-usual appointments, doing special favors for the patient.

  16. Always avoid boundary violations, such as the development of a personal friendship outside of the professional situation or a sexual relationship with the patient.

  17. If the patient makes threats toward others (including the clinician) or exhibits threatening behavior, the clinician may need to take action to protect self or others. • Get a consultation if there are striking deviations from the usual manner of practice.

  18. The Full Report can be found at:

  19. Effective Treatment Modalities “What the caterpillar calls the end of the world, the master calls a butterfly” Richard Bach, Illusions: The adventures of a reluctant Messiah

  20. Psychotropic Medications • Dialectical Behavior Therapy • DBT • Transference Focused Psychotherapy • TFP

  21. Pharmacological Interventions • Affective Dyscontrol Symptoms • Impulsive-Behavioral Dyscontrol Symptoms • Cognitive-Perceptual Symptoms

  22. Medication Regimes (APA guidelines) • Serotonin Selective Reuptake Inhibitors • Fluoxetine Prozac • Sertraline Zoloft • Venlafaxine Effexor • Affective dysregulation, • Impulsive-behavioral dyscontrol • Cognitive-perceptual difficulties

  23. Aggression, • Irritability, • Depressed mood, • Self-mutilation • Some somatic complaints (headaches/PMS)

  24. Tricyclic and heterocyclic antidepressants • Amitriptyline Elavil, Endep • Imipramine Norpramin, Pertofrane • Desipramine Janimine, Tofranil • Decreased depressive symptoms and indirect hostility • Enhanced attitudes about self-control

  25. Tricyclic and heterocyclic antidepressants • Effective for the “associated” symptoms • Depersonalization, • Paranoid symptoms, • Obsessive-compulsive symptoms • Helplessness • Hopelessness

  26. Mood Stabilizers • Lithium • Mood-stabilizing • Anti-aggressive effects

  27. Divalproex Depakote, Epival • Carbamazepine Tegretol, Epitol • May be useful in treating behavioral dyscontrol and affective dysregulation in some patients with borderline personality disorder, although further studies are needed

  28. Neuroleptics • Haloperidol Haldol • Perphenazine Etrafon, Trilafon • Thiothixene Navane • Improvement in impulsive-behavioral symptoms, global symptom severity, and overall borderline psychopathology. Similar efficacy found in the adolescent population

  29. Dialectical Behavior Therapy Marsha Linehan (1993)

  30. Dialectical Behavior Therapy

  31. Five Critical Functions • Enhance and maintain the client’s motivation to change • Enhance the client’s capabilities • Ensure that the client’s new capabilities are generalized to all relevant environments • Enhance the therapist’s motivation to treat clients while also enhancing the therapist’s capabilities • Structure the environment so that treatment can take place.

  32. Core of BPD Suffering: DBT

  33. Balancing Act of DBT: Remember Philosophy Synthesis Thesis Antithesis

  34. Major Strategies • Radical Acceptance • Of the Client • Teach to the Client • Self • Environment • Others

  35. Mindfullness • Giving Self Up to the moment • Focused Consciousness • Breathing • Thought Stopping • Radical Acceptance

  36. Interpersonal Relatedness • Radical Acceptance of Others’ Point of View • Listening Skills • Repeating back • Self-Assertion • Making a Request • Saying No • Expressing Self, Using I statements • Conflict Resolution Skills

  37. Cognitive Skills • Teach and Use Socratic Discussion • Identifying Differences between • Thoughts • Evaluations • Behavioral/Emotional Reactions • ABC’s of CBT

  38. Transference Focused Psychotherapy Otto Kernberg • TFP is an intense form of psychodynamic psychotherapy designed particularly for patients with borderline personality organization (BPO) • a minimum of two and a maximum of three 45 or 50-minute sessions per week. • It views the individual as holding unreconciled and contradictory internalized representations of self and significant others that are affectively charged.

  39. The distorted perceptions of self, others, and associated affects are the focus of treatment as they emerge in the relationship with the therapist (transference). The consistent interpretation of these distorted perceptions is considered the mechanism of change. • Kernberg designed TFP especially for patients with BPO. According to him, these patients suffer from identity diffusion, primitive defense operations and unstable reality testing.

  40. TFP

  41. References • Allmon, D., Armstrong, H. E., Heard, H. L., Linehan, M. M., &.Suarez, A. (1991). Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Chronically Parasuicidal Borderline Patients. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 1060-1064. • Koons, C. R., Robins, C. J., Tweed, J. L., Lynch, T. R., Gonzalez, A. M., Morse, J. Q., Bishop, G. K., Butterfield, M. I., & Bastian, L. A. (2001). Efficacy of Dialectical Behavior Therapy in Women Veterans with Borderline Personality Disorder. Behavior Therapy, 32, 371-390. • Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. New York: Guilford Press. • Linehan, M. M., Schmidt, H., Dimeff, L. A., Kanter, J. W., Craft, J. C., Comtois, K. A., & Recknor, K. L. (1999). Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder and Drug-Dependence. American Journal on Addiction, 8, 279-292. • Verheul, R., Van Den Bosch, L. M. C., Koeter, M. W. J., De Ridder, M. A. J. , Stijnen, T., & Van Den Brink, W. (2003). Dialectical Behaviour Therapy for Women with Borderline Personality Disorder, 12-month, Randomised Clinical Trial in The Netherlands. British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 135-140.

  42. References • Clarkin, JF, Yeomans, FE, & Kernberg, OF (1999). Psychotherapy for Borderline Personality. New York: J. Wiley and Sons. • Kernberg, OF, Selzer, MA, Koenigsberg, HA, Carr, AC, & Appelbaum, AH. (1989). Psychodynamic Psychotherapy of Borderline Patients. New York: Basic Books. • Koenigsberg, HW, Kernberg, OF, Stone, MH, Appelbaum, AH, Yeomans, FE, & Diamond, DD. (2000). Borderline Patients: Extending the Limits of Treatability. New York: Basic Books. • Yeomans, FE, Clarkin JF, & Kernberg, OF (2002). A Primer of Transference-Focused Psychotherapy for the Borderline Patient. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson. • Yeomans, FE, Selzer, MA, & Clarkin, JF. (1992). Treating the Borderline Patient : A Contract-based Approach. New York: Basic Books

  43. Borderline personality disorder: The treatment dilemma. Author(s): Oldham, J.M.Published: 1997Source: Journal of the California Alliance for the Mentally IllNumber of Pages: 13-15 Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder Author(s): Linehan, M.Published: 1993 Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder Author(s): Linehan, M.Published: 1993 Dialectical behavior therapy for borderline personality disorder. Author(s): Linehan, M.M.Published: 1987Source: Bulletin of the Menninger ClinicVolume: 51Number of Pages: 261-276

  44. PRACTICE GUIDELINE FOR THE Treatment of Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder WORK GROUP ON BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER John M. Oldham, M.D., Chair Glen O. Gabbard, M.D. Marcia K. Goin, M.D., Ph.D. John Gunderson, M.D. Paul Soloff, M.D. David Spiegel, M.D. Michael Stone, M.D. Katharine A. Phillips, M.D. (Consultant) Originally published in October 2001. A guideline watch, summarizing significant developments in the scientific literature since publication of this guideline, may be available in the Psychiatric Practice section of the APA web site at www.psych.org.

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