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Drugs used in Meningitis Prof. M. Alhumayyd

Drugs used in Meningitis Prof. M. Alhumayyd. Objectives. At the end of the lecture , students should : Describe briefly common types of meningitis Describe the principles of treatment List the name of antibiotics used for treatment of meningitis

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Drugs used in Meningitis Prof. M. Alhumayyd

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  1. Drugs used inMeningitis Prof. M. Alhumayyd

  2. Objectives • At the end of the lecture , students should : • Describe briefly common types of meningitis • Describe the principles of treatment • List the name of antibiotics used for treatment of meningitis • Describe the mechanism of action & adverse effects of the individual drugs

  3. Definition Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and the spinalcord(meninges).

  4. Causes Infectious • Bacteria • Viruses • Fungi • Parasites Non-infectious e.g,spread of cancer to meninges(malignant meningitis),etc.

  5. Bacterial meningitis • Is a serious , life threatening disease. • May lead to serious long –term consequences (e.g. deafness, epilepsy, hydrocephalus & cognitive deficits).

  6. CAUSES OF BACTERIAL MENINGITIS • Neisseria meningitidis** • Streptococcus pneumoniae** • Staphylococcus aureus • Pseudomonas aeruginosae • Haemophilus influenzae • Listeria monocytogenes • Mycobacterium tuberculosis(tuberculous meningitis)

  7. Route of transmission • The bacteria are carried by humans in the nose and throat and spread into the air by coughing and/ or sneezing. • The pathogens spread from the respiratory tract to the blood stream and to the nervous system and cause bacterial meningitis .

  8. SYMPTOMS OF BACTRIAL MENINGITIS • High fever* • Severe headache* • Stiff neck* • Irritability • Seizures • Vomiting

  9. TREATMENT PRINCIPLES • Emergency hospitalization • Antibiotics • Measures for treatment of complications

  10. Treatment Principles • Antibiotic selected must penetrate adequately into the CSF. Regimen chosen must have potent activity against known or suspected pathogens & exert a bactericidal effect.(Empiric?)

  11. Antibiotics for treatment of bacterial meningitis Cephalosporins Ceftriaxone, i.v; Cefotaxime, i.v, Ceftazidime,i.v Penicillins Penicillin G, i.v; Ampicillin, i.v Glycopeptides Vancomycin, i.v Aminoglycosides Gentamicin, i.v

  12. Cephalosporins Ceftriaxone (children & adults). Cefotaxime (preferred in neonates). Ceftazidime(excellent against p. aeruginosae) Mechanism of action Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis(bactericidal) Side effects 1. Hypersensitivity reactions- most common 2. Thrombophlebitis 3. Superinfections 4. Diarrhea

  13. Penicillins Penicillin G(narrow spectrum),i.v. & Ampicillin(broad spectrum),i.v. Mechanism of action Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis(bactericidal)

  14. Adverse effects of penicillins .Hypersensitivity . Super infections . Diarrhea . May cause convulsions after high doses by i.v or in renal failure.

  15. Vancomycin • Active only against Gm+ve bacteria • In combination with3rd generation cephalosporins for treatment of meningitis caused by penicillin resistant pneumococci. • Against Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA).

  16. Vancomycin Mechanism of action Inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis Antibacterial activity Bactericidal against G+ bacteria,especially Staphylococci(including B-lactamase producing,MRSA). Not effective against G- bacteria Given by slow i.v infusion.

  17. Adverse Effects of vancomycin • Phlebitis at the site of injection • Ototoxicity & Nephrotoxicity(high conc.) Rapid infusion: • Histamine release(flushing of upper body (Red man or red neck syndrome) & hypotension{minimized if injected slowly}.

  18. AMINOGLYCOSIDES e.g. Gentamicin,i.v. Antibacterial Spectrum • Bactericidal ( exclusive for aerobic G- bacteria ). Mechanism of action Inhibit protein synthesis ( 30s subunit )

  19. Adverse Effects of Gentamicin Ototoxicity & nephrotoxicity (directly related to serum conc.) Neuromuscular blockade ( very high dose )

  20. Prevention better than cure • Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)vaccines — routine childhood immunization .  • Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV) for older children and adults • Meningococcal conjugate vaccine , people going to Hajj.

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