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European Foreign Policy 1890s to 1914

European Foreign Policy 1890s to 1914. Changes leading to 1890. Firing of Bismarck – change of foreign policy in Germany Ending of British and French isolation Rise of Japan . Kaiser William II (Germany). 1890 – fired Bismarck based on political differences Weltpolitik – “world politic”

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European Foreign Policy 1890s to 1914

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  1. European Foreign Policy 1890s to 1914

  2. Changes leading to 1890 • Firing of Bismarck – change of foreign policy in Germany • Ending of British and French isolation • Rise of Japan

  3. Kaiser William II (Germany) • 1890 – fired Bismarck based on political differences • Weltpolitik – “world politic” • Wanted to establish Germany as a GLOBAL power and compete with GB and France • Establish Germany’s place in the sun • Diverged away from Bismarck’s continental policy • Unraveled Bismarck’s web of alliances and agreements – not compatible with William’s vision of Germany

  4. Lapse of Reinsurance Treaty (1890) • Germany allowed the Reinsurance Treaty with Russia to expire • Wanted to sure up relationship with AH and not have conflicting goals with Russia (Balkans) • Wanted to pursue relationship with GB • GB foreign policy conflicted with Russia • Russia wanted to continue treaty

  5. Franco-Russian Alliance (1894) • Late 1880s and early 1890s – French investment in Russia increased in response to German economic moves against Russia – ex. Russian grain tariff • 1892 – France and Russia signed military treaty • Pledged mutual aid if either attacked by Germany • Pledged mobilization if either attacked by a member of the Triple Alliance • 1894 – formalized alliance • Ended French isolation

  6. British Foreign Policy • Imperialistic rivalries ended with France after the Fashoda Crisis (1898) • Development of German rivalry • Kruger telegram and William II’s support for Boers in the Boer War (1895) • Berlin-Baghdad RR – William II wanted to finance/construct RR in OE to build trade in Middle East (1898) • Anglo-German Naval rivalry

  7. Anglo-German Naval Rivalry • German naval construction bills 1897/1900 • German began to build navy to rival the naval power of GB • GB increased naval spending • Development of dreadnought class battleship • Created arms race

  8. British-Japanese Naval Alliance • 1902 • GB and Japan signed naval alliance with Japan • Allowed GB to remove naval presence from Pacific and concentrate closer to the Atlantic to help counter German naval build-up • Also – gave GB ally against potential Russian threat in China • Ended the “splendid isolation” of GB

  9. Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) • (See Russo-Japanese Powerpoint with the rise of Modern Japan)

  10. The Rise of Modern Japan

  11. Japan: Meiji Era (1868-1912) • Modernization of Japan – based on western economics and politics • Centralized govt. • Emperor with full authority - ministers • Parliament • Constitution & legal system • Currency

  12. Army – modeled on Prussian army • Navy – modeled on British navy • Economic: • RR, telegraph, steamship • Industry and factories – exports increase • Demand for raw materials (empire)

  13. Why modernize? • Check foreign influence in Japan – did not want to become China • US and European countries strong-armed trade rights in Japan (1850’s) • Japanese port cities bombarded by US and European nations • Emperor forced to sign and confirm trade treaties

  14. Lacked political unity • Lacked military power • Modernize or become European colony – adopt western technology to promote Japan

  15. Russo-Japanese Rivalry • Manchuria and Korea – regions of competition

  16. Sino-Japanese War (1894) • Japan vs. China • Japanese victory! • Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895): • Korea – independent nation (formally a part of China) • Japan took control of economic interests in Korea • Japan annexed Formosa (modern Taiwan) • Japan received economic concessions in Manchuria and control of Port Arthur (Liaotung peninsula) • Mining rights

  17. Russia-Japan Rivalry • Japanese interests in Manchuria competed with Russia • Russia – RR in Manchuria that connected Vladivostok to Trans-Siberian RR, and mining interests • European nations forced Japan to concede Manchuria back to China • Russia – leased Liaotung peninsula from China (1898) – built RR to connect Port Arthur to Trans-Siberian RR

  18. Russian Interests • Needed a foreign political distraction – Czar losing support at home • Manchuria and Korea support port of Vladivostok • RR connecting Vladivostok and Manchuria (Port Arthur) – trade rights, mining rights

  19. Japanese Interests • Need for raw materials to boost industrialization • New markets – Asian mainland • Great Power status • Did not want to see Russia gain economic concessions from China • 1902 – Japan/Great Britain sign alliance – GB anticipated conflict with Russia

  20. Russo-Japanese War - 1904 • Japan attacked Port Arthur • Manchuria – region of war • Battle of Mukden – Japan won – Russia could not support troops via land – trans-Siberian RR not complete • Battle of Tsushima Strait – Japanese navy defeated Russian navy • Upset!

  21. Treaty of Portsmouth - 1905 • US involvement – Pres. T. Roosevelt – US did not want to see Russia or Japan become powerful – challenge interests in China • Portsmouth, New Hampshire – US, Japan, Russia met

  22. Effects and Outcomes • Concessions: • Japan: • Received Port Arthur • Liaotung Peninsula • preferred position in Manchuria • Korea = protectorate • Southern half of island of Sakhalin • Japan – Great Power in the East – challenged European supremacy

  23. Russia: • Shifted political/foreign focus to Europe – Balkans region • Czar lost prestige – questioned ability to rule – Revolution of 1905 • Loss viewed as shock to Europe

  24. Rise of Asian nationalism – revolts in Asian countries against European powers and rulers supported by European powers

  25. French Foreign Policy • French-Italian Agreement (1898) • Economic agreement ended tariff and France supported Italy with loans for economic development • Italy recognized Morocco as French sphere of influence • France recognized Tripoli as Italian sphere of influence • Anglo-French Agreement (1904) • France recognized Egypt as British protectorate • England recognized Morocco as French sphere of influence • Northern Morocco went to Spain • Siam = neutral buffer between Burma (GB) and French Indo-China

  26. The First Moroccan Crisis (1905) • Jan. 1905 – French sent mission to Fez, Morocco to stabilize Morocco and protect French business interests • William II (Ger.) landed in Tangiers, Morocco to meet with the sultan and voice his support for Moroccan independence • Protect German business interests in Morocco • Test the new entente between France and GB • GB supported France in Morocco against Germany

  27. Anglo-French Military Staff Talks (1905) • British and French military commanders discuss plans for unified military action on the continent • Extended commitment to each other • Germany = enemy

  28. The Algeciras Conference (Jan. 1906) • International Conference in Algeciras, Spain to resolve the Moroccan Crisis • Morocco recognized as French sphere of influence and be under the policing of France and Spain • France controlled the Bank of Morocco – gave France control of economic development • Entente between GB and France strengthened • Germany’s position in Morocco weakened • Received no support from Italy and luke-warm support from AH

  29. Anglo-Russian Entente (1907) • Great Britain and Russia resolve imperialistic rivalries – mostly in the Middle East • Both powers stay out of Tibet • Russia recognized Afghanistan as GB sphere of influence • Persia divided into three zones • North = Russian sphere of influence • Middle = neutral sphere of influence • South = GB sphere of influence – secured India • Agreed to bar Germany from Persia • Germany began pushing into the Middle East by cultivating relationship in Iraq – Berlin to Baghdad RR

  30. Entente between GB and Russia created the ability for the Triple Entente to exist • GB had ententes with France and Russia • France and Russia had alliance • Acted as political balance to Triple Alliance

  31. New Tendencies in Foreign Policy • Need for allies to offset threat from other nations and other alliance blocs (balance of power) • Cannot be isolated • Restricted foreign policy flexibility of involved nations • Increase in armaments – size and expenditures • Beginning of arms races • New draft laws to increase service time to increase size of trained military • Increase of influence of military leaders in government • Joint war plans between countries • Creation of war plans • Military leaders increasingly advising govt. action

  32. Militarism Discussion • Discuss the idea of an arms race and militarism as a deterrent to war. • Include the concept of balance of power. • Discuss the idea of an arms race and militarism as a contributor to war.

  33. The Bosnian Crisis (1908) • The Buchlau Meeting • Izvolsky – Russia – wanted to open the Straits to Russian warships for access to the Med Sea • Aehrenthal – AH – wanted to annex Bosnia • Both agreed to support each others claims provided announced at the same time • Aehrenthal announced the annexation of Bosnia without the consent of Russia • Izvolsky had not discussed with the Czar or secured support of GB and France • Annexation received negative reaction from other Great Powers – England, France, Russia

  34. Serbia mobilized army to protest annexation • Wanted to annex Bosnia themselves because of Serbian population in Bosnia • Austria mobilized army • Germany supported Austria with verbal/military support • GB supported Russia with verbal support • France failed to support Russia • Russia too weak from Russo-Japanese war to challenge Germany and defend interests of Serbia • Austria allowed to annex Bosnia

  35. 2nd Moroccan Crisis (1911) • “The Panther Incident” • 1911 – France sent troops into Fez (Morocco) to put down rebellion against Sultan and protect French settlers • Morocco effectively became a protectorate • Germany sent the Panther (gunboat) to Agadir (port) as a show of force against French moves • Demanded France give the French Congo to Germany as compensation • Claimed violation of Algeciras agreement

  36. GB and Russia supported France against Germany • AH failed to strongly support Germany • Effects: • Germany received 100,000 square miles of worthless territory in the Congo • Morocco = French protectorate • Viewed as diplomatic defeat for Germany

  37. The Libyan War (the Tripoli War) 1911 • Italy declared war on the Ottoman Empire and invaded Tripoli • Italy won (1912) • Annexed Tripoli and Libya

  38. Haldane Conference (1912) • Lord Haldane – British minister of war – went to Germany to discuss the issue of the naval race • Germany wanted British neutrality in a German war with France in exchange for modifications to German naval build up • Conference failed • British / French naval agreement • France concentrate navy in Mediterranean Sea • GB concentrate navy in English channel / North Sea

  39. The Balkan Wars (1912-1913) • 1912- Creation of the Balkan League • Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro • Cooperate if attacked, prevent Great Powers from seizing territory in Balkans, unified stance against the Ottoman Empire • 1st Balkan War (1912) • Balkan League attacked OE in Balkan peninsula • Victorious

  40. London Conference • Sponsored by the Great Powers to control distribution of territory • Creation of Albania • Prevented Serbia access to Adriatic Sea and limited Serb power on peninsula • Supported by AH • Serbia received expanded territory on the peninsula

  41. 2nd Balkan War • Bulgaria attacked Serbia over Balkan territory • Serbia supported by Rumania and OE • Serbia won the conflict • Bulgaria lost further territory • Albania maintained • Great Powers (Russia and AH) did not intervene in either war mostly due to diplomatic efforts of England and Germany

  42. M.A.I.I.N Causes of WWI • Militarism • Alliance System • Imperialism • Industrialism • Nationalism • Other causes identified by IB: • The desire for revenge • Economic factors • Specifically – Balkan Nationalism • Treaties • Ideology

  43. Militarism • The use of the military as a tool of foreign policy • The increased influence of the military in the government and society • The build up of military forces – land armies and navies • Maintained balance of power among European nations

  44. Alliance System • Military agreements between countries – typically defensive – if one country is attacked others will join to aid the attacked country • Maintained balance of power • Intended to offset the threat of war

  45. Imperialism • Extension of political, economic, and social influence abroad to foreign regions/countries • Often involves the creation of colonies/empires OR the annexation of new territory • Raw materials to support industrialization • Competition • GB and France – established empires • Germany – weltpolitik – create empire

  46. Industrialism • Rapid production of goods using machines • Supports and supplies large armies • Supports technological development of military • Coincides with the development of the factory system and urbanization – concentration of labor • Requires large amounts of raw materials

  47. Nationalism • Putting the interests of your own country ahead of the international interests (collective good) • What is best for my country at this time? • Also applies to groups of people who seek independence from a controlling group/country

  48. the Balkan “Powder Keg” • Why would the Balkan peninsula be referred to as a “powder keg” leading up to World War I? • Rivalry between AH and Russia • Pan-Slavism • Rivalry between AH and Serbia • AH annexed Bosnia • Serbia wanted to annex Bosnia and increase power and influence in Balkan peninsula • Issue of Albania – supported by AH • Nationalist movements – new Balkan nations breaking away from the Ottoman Empire • Balkan wars

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