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ATP

ATP. What is ATP and why is it important?. What is respiration?. ATP. Respiration is the process by which organisms extract the energy stored in complex molecules and use it to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In this way they obtain energy to fuel their metabolic pathways.

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ATP

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  1. ATP What is ATP and why is it important?

  2. What is respiration? ATP Respiration is the process by which organisms extract the energy stored in complex molecules and use it to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In this way they obtain energy to fuel their metabolic pathways. ATP provides the immediate source of energy for biological processes such as active transport, movement and metabolism.

  3. Types of respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 2ATP ethanol C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 + 2ATP lactate During aerobic respiration, a respiratory substrate, e.g. glucose, is split in the presence of oxygen to release carbon dioxide and water. A large number of ATP molecules are produced, releasing the energy from the glucose. In anaerobic respiration, glucose is converted (in the absence of oxygen) to either lactate or ethanol. The ATP yield is low.

  4. Where does respiration occur? Respiration occurs in all living cells. In eukaryotes the early stages of respiration occur in the cytoplasm. The later stages of respiration are restricted to the mitochondria. • Mitochondria contain highly folded inner membranes that hold key respiratory proteins (including the enzyme that makes ATP) over a large surface area. • Mitochondria provide an isolated environment to maintain optimum conditions for respiration. • Mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes, so can manufacture their own respiratory enzymes.

  5. Adenosine triphosphate + + + 30.5kJ  inorganic phosphate ATP H2O ADP ATP contains a sugar (ribose), a base (adenine) and three phosphate groups. adenine ribose phosphates When ATP is hydrolysed to form ADP and inorganic phosphate, 30.5kJ of energy are released.

  6. The structure of ATP • Adenosine triphosphate • ATP is a phosphorylated nucleotide (similar to the structure of DNA and RNA) • (ATP cant leave the cell where it is made)

  7. Why ATP acts as an energy store... • When 1 phosphate group is removed from each molecule in one mole of ATP, 30.5 kJ of energy’s released • This is a hydrolysisreaction (requires water), and is catalysed by enzymes called ATPases ATPase Water Energy released (30.5KJ mol-1) ADP Pi

  8. Why ATP? Biological systems transfer the energy in glucose to ATP because unlike glucose… glucose ATP • ATP releases its energy instantly in a single reaction. • The hydrolysis of ATP releases a small amount of energy, ideal for fuelling reactions in the body.

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