DIPLOMACY DETERRENCE

1. DIPLOMACY & DETERRENCE

2. You will learn How international conflicts are prevented and resolved Co-operation among countries The need for a two-pronged approach to the defence of Singapore

3. DIPLOMACY Diplomacy is the way countries manage or conduct relations with one another Main aim : To promote common interests Resolve conflicting interest peacefully Diplomats Reps to keep in touch with foreign governments Consular, economic and political functions Report back to own country Sometimes play the role of peacemaker

4. DIPLOMACY RESOLVING CONFLICTS Conflicts arise because of misunderstanding Diplomacy allows countries to meet to resolve their differences Sometimes other countries or int�l orgns mediate to resolve dispute Diplomacy allows differences to be resolve peacefully No need to resort to force or violence

5. DIPLOMACY INT�L CO-OPERATION Diplomacy is shown in int�l co-operation Takes the form of Providing assistance Transfer of knowledge and skills Eg developed countries provide money and training to developing countries Eg co-operate to solve common problems � smuggling of goods across borders

6. DIPLOMACY INT�L CO-OPERATION Provides a way for countries to come together to prevent a potential aggressor from attacking other countries Possible actions against aggressor Economic boycott Countries stop trade with aggressor Negative effects on aggressor�s economy Unable to export its goods � loses important source of revenue Also cannot import essential goods like machinery and medicine Military strike Threat of being punished may discourage potential aggressor

7. TYPES OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS Bilateral Relations Singapore�s Bilateral Relations Regional Relations ASEAN Singapore in ASEAN International Relations The United Nations Singapore in the United Nations

8. BILATERAL RELATIONS Diplomatic relations between two countries Exchange of diplomats Sometimes treaties are signed by both governments Covers trade, cultural exchanges, technology assistance and help in times of need Disagreement can be discussed and settled peacefully Relations are strengthened when leaders visit each other

9. BILATERAL RELATIONS SINGAPORE Singapore has established bilateral relations with many countries since independence Sgp believes its interest can be promoted through bilateral ties Some benefits : Trade with China Transfer of skills and technology from Germany Cultural exchange with Malaysia Sgp willing to help its friends in need Doctors, nurses and teachers sent to Vietnam and Nepal Sgp�s bilateral relations help it gain world recognition

10. REGIONAL RELATIONS SINGAPORE Countries in the same region sometimes come together to form an association The association becomes stronger by combining the strengths of the members Better placed to deal with other countries or associations Eg European Union (EU) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

14. ASEAN association of southeast asian nations An assn of SEA countries Before 1967 � No assn that included most of the SEA countries 1963 � Strained ties between Indonesian and Malaysia because of Confrontation Philippines also broke off ties with M�sia because of its claim over Sabah

15. ASEAN association of southeast asian nations 1967 � 5 SEA leaders realised that it would be better to co-operate with each other than to be at odds with each other ASEAN was formed on 8 Aug 1967 Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar and Cambodia joined later

16. ASEAN association of southeast asian nations 3 Main Aims Promote economic, social and cultural development of the region Protect peace and stability of the region Provide opportunities for member countries to discuss and resolve differences peacefully

17. ASEAN association of southeast asian nations Promote economic, social and cultural development of the region ASEAN members co-operated to improve economies ASEAN also established ties with other countries and associations to promote trade in the region Eg Japan has invested heavily in the region Members have benefited from transfer of technology

18. ASEAN association of southeast asian nations Promote economic, social and cultural development of the region 1978 : Committee established to promote greater understanding and appreciation of culture and heritage of its members Cultural exchanges organised � film festivals, music and drama workshops, art exhibitions

19. ASEAN association of southeast asian nations 2. Protect peace and stability of the region Cambodia : Civil war in 1980s Fighting groups supported by countries outside ASEAN ASEAN and the UN persuaded the different groups in Cambodia to stop fighting and form a new democratic government

20. ASEAN association of southeast asian nations Provide opportunities for member countries to discuss and resolve differences peacefully Differences over national boundaries, trade agreements, fishing rights and immigration Spratly Islands : Claimed by Malaysia, Brunei, the Philippines and Vietnam Issue not resolved to date; countries try to arrive at a peaceful solution Islands of Sipadan and Ligitan : Malaysia and Indonesia

21. ASEAN association of southeast asian nations Provide opportunities for member countries to discuss and resolve differences peacefully Pedra Branca : Singapore and Malaysia Countries involved in these disagreements choose to discuss their problems through negotiations and meetings At times, seek help from international orgns to settle disputes Eg UN Int�l Court of Justice (ICJ) in the case of Pedra Branca

22. ASEAN association of southeast asian nations Singapore in ASEAN As a founding member, Sgp actively tries to maintain peace and prosperity in SEA Eg Took on leadership role in ASEAN regional Forum (ARF) ARF provides opportunities for ASEA and other countries USA, CHINA, JAPAN, KOREA, AUSTRALIA to discuss important issues

23. ASEAN association of southeast asian nations Singapore in ASEAN Sgp also shares its technical knowledge and expertise with other ASEAN countries Training courses are arranged for those interested in learning from Singapore�s experience Set up training centres overseas Eg Technical training center set up in Vietnam in 1997 to help Vietnam industrilaise Also gives scholarships to ASEAN students to study in Singapore

26. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (IR) IR involves ties among many groupings and countries in the world In IR, the UNITED NATIONS (UN) plays an important role UN serves the needs of all countries in the world UN is a well-known int�l organisation Main mission : PRESERVE WORLD PEACE esp after two World Wars Founded in 1945 by the major powers of the world Started with 51 members 1999 : 188 members

27. UN RESPONSIBILITIES AND TASKS Providing help to countries in need Helps countries facing immediate problems eg famines and earthquakes Sends food and medical aid Giving a Voice to every member country Members have a right to vote on decisions that may affect them An opportunity to voice grievances in the General Assembly General Assembly : Like a World Parliament where members can vote on various issues Safeguarding Peace and Stability

28. UN RESPONSIBILITIES AND TASKS Safeguarding Peace and Stability UN sends peacekeeping forces to troubled areas Comprise members from member countries Thus an international force Peacekeepers do not simply go to any troubled area Must first have the consent of UN members and the countries in conflict Main task of peacekeeping force : Ensure parties involved in an armed conflict observe the peace by keeping them apart and preventing them from fighting Peacekeepers must be neutral � not to side with any party involved in the conflict

29. UN RESPONSIBILITIES AND TASKS The UN Security Council Maintains peace and security among member countries Eg when war breaks out, it may issue stern warning to aggressor, organise a boycott or take military action to end the war 15 members in the SC 5 permanent members : China, the Russian Federation, the USA, the UK and France The remaining ten members are elected by the General Assembly for two-year terms

30. UN RESPONSIBILITIES AND TASKS The UN International Court of Justice (ICJ) ICJ helps member countries settle their disputes peacefully It is like a World Court where members can present their disputes Not compulsory for members to settle their disputes through ICJ However, when they do, they must abide by its decision

32. UN RESPONSIBILITIES AND TASKS Singapore in the UN Singapore : Member since independence in 1965 Sgp is recognised as an independent country by the UN We are not under the rule or control of any country As a member, Sgp was given help and advice by UN experts on social and economic development Eg Dr Albert Winsemius, the economic expert who helped Sgp�s economy after independence Although a small country, Sgp�s membership enables us to voice our opinion on world affairs Since 1980 : Sgp sent over 400 police, SAF and civil service officers on UN peacekeeping missions to various countries

33. UN RESPONSIBILITIES AND TASKS Singapore in the UN 1995 : Sgp played an important role in the UN Law of the Sea Conference The Conference was to decide on the territorial rights of a country over its waters Sgp�s representative to the UN, Prof Tommy Koh chaired the conference

34. UN RESPONSIBILITIES AND TASKS � Singapore will continue to be deeply committed to the UN. The UN is not perfect, but it is the best institution similar to a world government that we have. Small countries like Singapore need the UN, and must play a positive role in supporting it.�