U.S. Occupation of Japan

1. U.S. Occupation of Japan ► Japan devastated by WWII. ► Focus on economic recovery. ► Lost all conquered land. ► MacArthur supervised reconstruction of Japan’s infrastructure and creation of new gov’t based on democratic ideals. ► New constitution for Japan: 1. Only a self-defense force; 2. Limited size of defense force; 3. Forbidden to declare war; 4. Universal suffrage & rights. U.S. General MacArthur and Japanese Emperor Hirohito, 1945.

3. Nazi Scientists Come to U.S. The front page of The New York Times on November 17, 1945, bore a curiously vague headline: “88 German Scientists Reach Here, Reputedly With Top War Secrets.” The paper speculated that the group’s arrival was the result of a program announced weeks earlier by the War Department to bring German scientists to America, and in spite of the secrecy, the Times guessed right. Men who just seven months earlier had been at war with the United States were being ushered onto our shores by the government. The purpose: to jump start American high-tech industry. After WWII, 118 German rocket scientists worked at Fort Bliss, Texas.

4. The Postwar World Order Ch. 13 - The Cold War Begins.

5. I. The Cold War (no actual fighting). The 411 Who: U.S.A. vs. U.S.S.R. (the CIA vs. the KGB) What: The Cold War. Where: Everywhere. When: From end of WWII (1945) to the fall of Berlin Wall (1989). Why: Different ideologies & mutual distrust.

6. A. Clash of Interests. 1. The Potsdam Conference (July ‘45) – Soviets control E. Germany; the West controlled W. Germany. Stalin, Truman, and Churchill, 1945. • The Yalta Conference (Feb 1945) – Allies met to determine postwar plan for Europe; FDR & Churchill agreed to recognize Polish gov’t set up by the Soviets.  WWII still going on against Japan; FDR informed Stalin at Yalta about the first atomic detonation (Stalin not concerned or surprised!!). • While the Soviets were concerned with protecting their territory, the U.S. focused on the economic causes of war.

7. 2. The ‘Iron Curtain’ a) Separated Communist nations in East w/ the democratic West. b) Satellite States – Eastern European nations under Soviet control. -- Winston Churchill coined the term ‘Iron Curtain.’ -- AKA the ‘Berlin Wall.’

8. West Germany – Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). East Germany – German Democratic Republic (GDR).

9. Divisions within postwar Germany.Occupation zones after 1945. Berlin is the multinational area within the Soviet zone

10. The Berlin Wall: a separation barrier between West Berlin and East Germany (GDR), which closed the border between East and West Berlin for 28 years. Construction on the wall began on August 13, 1961 by Khrushchev, and was dismantled after November 9, 1989. The Berlin Wall was an iconic symbol of the Cold War. The "death strip" between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of escapees from the East.

11. 2006 1989 The Berlin Wall (Iron Curtain) fell in 1989.

12. Checkpoint Charlie, Dividing East and West Berlin. 1960’s 2006

13. Cold War --- Why? • USA & USSR emerged from WWII as world’s two superpowers. • They became rivals through: (1) Different ideologies: communism vs. capitalism. (2) Mutual distrust: Russia wanted 2nd front in WWII in 1941 (did not get until 1944 w/ D-Day). Atom Bomb kept a secret. League of Nations.

14. Communism Gov’t ownership State plans & controls economy Capitalism Private ownership Private profit Free competition Cold War --- Why? • Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production.

15. Eastern Europe • USSR: E.E. is buffer against attacks. • USA: E.E. is 1st attempt to expand empire. Why would the U.S. be afraid of Communism expanding?

16. Containment: B. Containing Communism. 1. George Kennan – Containment to stop spread of Communism. • State Dept. planner George F. Kennan proposed containment policy: ► A “long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansivist tendencies.” • Bottom line: Don’t allow Communism to grow. Kennan

17. 2. The Truman Doctrine (1947) – U.S. foreign policy to contain Communism by giving Greece & Turkey economic aid. President Truman signing the Truman Doctrine on March 12, 1947. • It stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent their falling into the Soviet sphere. • The Doctrine shifted American foreign policy towards a policy of ‘containment’ of Soviet expansion (Kennan).  Historians often use it to mark the starting date of the Cold War.

18. Truman Doctrine (1947): 1948 Re-election of Pres. Truman. 1. Supported any nation threatened by Communism. 2. Application of Containment policy. 3. Early successes: Greece & Turkey. Korea & Vietnam: Other successes?

19. 3. The Marshall Plan (European Recovery Program of 1947) – U.S. plan for rebuilding allied countries & stop communism. Map of Cold-War era Europe and the Near East showing countries that received Marshall Plan aid. The red columns show the relative amount of total aid per nation. • The initiative was named for U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall and the creation of State Department officials, especially William L. Clayton and George F. Kennan. • The plan was in operation for four years beginning in July 1947. • During that period some $13 billion of economic and technical assistance was given to help the recovery of the European countries.

20. The Marshall Plan • Europe’s economy in shambles after WWII. • Marshall proposed aid to “all European countries who needed it.” • Plan also worked to keep communism from spreading to western Europe.

21. Marshall Plan • Europe financially weak after WWII. • Sec. Of State George C. Marshall proposed European aid program. • US assisted W. Europe (1) financially & in (2) planning for Europe’s future. W. Europe’s economy quickly regained strength. • USSR & satellites did not participate & their economies did not improve.

23. Why would Stalin want to “block” The Marshall Plan??

24. C. Arms race - competition for military supremacy. ICBM missile • Each party competes to produce larger numbers of weapons, greater armies, or superior military technology in a technological escalation. • During the USSR’s economic recovery, the growth rate for heavy industry was 3 X that of consumer goods.

25. D. North Atlantic Treaty Org. (N.A.T.O.) – 1949, Military alliance formed; members help each other if attacked. E. Warsaw Pact (1955) – Central & Eastern European communist states counter the threat from NATO. • NATO members: U.S., Canada, England, France, Italy, Norway, Netherlands, etc. • Warsaw Pact members: U.S.S.R., Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, etc. • Does NATO & Warsaw Pact remind you of the “Alliance System” before WWI ???

26. West Germany – Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). East Germany – German Democratic Republic (GDR).

27. Communist countries dominated by but NOT in the USSR (i.e. Poland, Romania, Bulgaria) became known as “satellite states.” The Cold War was the period of tension and competition between the USA and the USSR and their respective allies. During this time, the rivalry between the two superpowers was played out in multiple arenas: military coalitions; ideology, psychology, and espionage; military, industrial, and technological developments, including the space race; costly defense spending; a massive conventional and nuclear arms race; and many proxy wars.

28. The Korean War The ‘Cold War’ Heats Up!

29. Brief History of the Korean War • 6/25/50: North Korea crosses the 38th parallel • 9/15/50: N.K. conquered almost entire peninsula except for SE corner. • 9/15/50: Gen. Douglas MacArthur leads surprise “amphibious” invasion of Inchon on West coast & behind N. Korean lines. • 4/10/51: MacArthur fired by President Truman. • United Nations (U.N.) vs. North Korea, China, and Soviet Union. • No declaration of war by the U.S.

30. 5th Marine Sniper in Punchbowl. 37th Scout Dog Platoon, 25th Infantry Division, Korea in January 1954. My Dad in Korea, 1953. 155-mm self propelled gun for massive fire-support, 1952.

31. Russian made MiG-15. American made F-86. A Russian MiG-15 shot down by a U.S. ‘F-86’ over MiG Alley.

32. End of theKorean War • 7/27/53: Armistice kept division along 38th parallel (no change). • 5 million dead. • Korea devastated. • Communism “contained.” • In the next 50 years, S.K. become economically successful while N.K. did not.  The United Nations and North Korea are still (technically) at war!!

33. MASH was a hit tv series set during the Korean War, but filmed in Malibu.

34. Artist Pablo Picasso’s painting Massacre in Korea (1951) depicted violence against civilians during the Korean War. By some accounts, killing of civilians by U.S. forces in Shinchun, Hwanghae Province was the motive of the painting. Korea was just a warm up for Vietnam !!

35. F. To stop Soviet aggression: 1. S.E.A.T.O. – Southeast Asia Treaty Org. 2. C.E.N.T.O. – Central Treaty Org. Off the coast of Korea, Aug, 2003. •  SEATO – To stop Soviet aggression in the East. Members were U.S., • Eng, Fr, Pakistan, Thailand, PI, Australia, and New Zealand. • CENTO – To stop Soviet expansion to the South. Members were Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Eng, and U.S.

37. The H-Bomb • The United Sates and the Soviet Union were racing to develop the most powerful nuclear weapon. • In 1950, American scientists started working on the H-Bomb, or Hydrogen Bomb which was supposed to be 1,000 times more powerful than the A-Bomb.

38. “Arms Race” & “Space Race”: Two VERY Important Cold War Issues ! • 1945: U.S. tests & drops 1st atomic (A) bomb. • 1949: USSR tests A-Bomb (U.S. loses monopoly). • 1952: US tests 1st Hydrogen (H) Bomb. • 1953: USSR tests H-Bomb. • H-Bomb: Up to 1,000X (times) the power of the bomb dropped on Hiroshima.

39. “Arms Race” & “Space Race”: Two VERY Important Cold War Issues ! • 1957: USSR • Tests missile capable of carrying an H-bomb from USSR to USA. • Puts space satellite “Sputnik” into space: 1st man-made object to orbit the earth. • 1958: USA counters both moves. • 1961: USSR has 1st person to orbit earth. • 1969: USA has 1st person to walk on moon.

40. The Sputnik crisis was a turning point of the Cold War that began on October 4, 1957 when the Soviet Union launched the Sputnik 1 satellite. Sputnik was about the size of a basketball On July 29, 1958, President Eisenhower formally brought the U.S. into the Space Race by signing the National Aeronautics and Space Act, creating NASA and later Project Mercury (the first manned spaceflight program). Mercury space flight in 1961.  Oct 3, 1957 (day before Sputnik launch, USSR world’s 1st ICBM (5,280 mile range).  The Space Race led up to Project Apollo and the moon landings in 1969.

41. “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.” -- Neil Armstrong July 20, 1969

42. Modern-Day ‘Nukes’ NPT: ‘Non-Proliferation Treaty’ of 1968 to achieve disarmament of nuclear weapons. 187 nations have signed the Treaty. An early stage in the "Trinity" fireball, the first U.S. nuclear explosion.

43. Radiation fallout from a Nuclear attack   “Fallout Shelters” were built in public buildings and personal homes.

44. G. The Red Scare. 1. Loyalty Review Program (1947) – Truman screened all federal employees. 2. House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) – Senator McCarthy led public hearings on Communist subversion. • During 1950’s, Americans were worried that Communism would take over the world. • Subversion – Secretly weaken a society and overthrow its gov’t. • Loyalty Program came 9 days after the Truman Doctrine; Confirmed fears of Communists in federal gov’t.

45. McCarthyism - period of intense anti-Communist suspicion in the U.S. (late 1940s to the late 1950s). Also referred to as the ‘Red Scare.’ The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) – gov’t committee involved in anti-Communist investigations. HUAC investigated the Hollywood film industry. In 1947, the Committee subpoenaed screenwriters, directors, and other movie industry professionals to testify about their known or suspected membership in the Communist Party.  Republican U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy (1950’s) won his Senate seat by accusing his opponent of being “communistically inclined.”

46. HUAC Hearings – “Are you now, or have you ever been, a Communist?” Blacklisting Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall lead a posse of Hollywood actors and film-makers to protest at HUAC's disregard of the Hollywood Ten's constitutional rights. Eventually, more than 300 artists—including directors, radio commentators, actors and particularly screenwriters—were boycotted by the studios. Some, like Charlie Chaplin, left the U.S. to find work. Only about ten percent succeeded in rebuilding careers within the entertainment industry.

47. a) McCarthyism – Damaging reputations w/ unfounded charges. McCarthy’s Tactics – As Chairman of Senate subcommittee, forced people to testify and turned investigations into witch hunts (late 1940’s – 50’s).  Search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fears. • As fear of Communism spread in Hollywood, producers created a Blacklist and agreed not to hire anyone in the film industry believed to be a Communist or sympathizer.  Created atmosphere of mistrust and fear. • Ronald Reagan, head of Screen Actors Guild, testified that there were Communists in Hollywood. • Downfall – McCarthy accused the Army of being infiltrated; Put trial on t.v.; He harassed and bullied witnesses and his support faded; Army lawyer Joseph Welsh: “Have you no sense of decency?”

49. H. J. Edgar Hoover - FBI Director. -- From the left: JFK, J. Edgar Hoover, and Bobby Kennedy. -- Hoover was instrumental in founding the FBI. -- He was the first director in 1935 until his death in 1972 (37 years).

50. Sound familiar ?!? The J. Edgar Hoover building, Washington, D.C. J. Edgar Hoover, the father of the modern FBI.  Hoover “once Communists were identified, the public would isolate them and end their influence.”  Under Hoover, the FBI sent agents to infiltrate groups suspected of subversion and wiretapped thousands of telephones.