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Week 3: What is Family?

Week 3: What is Family?. PSRT 4271: The Family role in rehabilitation. Additional references for this lecture…. Epistemology. a Good TheorY ? ( Sigelman and Rider, 2003 ). Internally consistent Falsifiable Based on data (Based in logic?...).

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Week 3: What is Family?

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  1. Week 3: What is Family? PSRT 4271: The Family role in rehabilitation

  2. Additional references for this lecture…

  3. Epistemology

  4. a Good TheorY? (Sigelman and Rider, 2003) • Internally consistent • Falsifiable • Based on data • (Based in logic?...)

  5. Basic development issues (Sigelman and Rider, 2003) • Nature vs. Nurture? • Biology or Environment? • Activity vs. Passivity? • Continuity vs. Discontinuity? • Gradual or abrupt? • Quantitative or qualitative? • Universality vs. Context Specificity

  6. Developmental Theories: 4 schools (Sigelman and Rider, 2003) • Psychoanalytic (Freud, Erikson) • Learning (Skinner, Bandura) • Cognitive developmental (Piaget) • Contextual/Systems (Bronfenbrenner, Vygotsky)

  7. Psychoanalytic theory (“Intrapsychic”) Freud Erickson Psychosocial development (8 conflicts) “Ego virtues” Biology + environment Difficult to test? Describes, doesn’t explain? • Instincts • Unconscious motivation • Id, ego, superego • Psychosexual development • Internally inconsistent? • Hard to test?

  8. Learning theory • Classical conditioning (Watson, Pavlov) • Preconditioning, Conditioning, Postconditioning • Operant conditioning (Skinner) • Reinforcement • Social Learning Theory (Bandura) • Humans as active cognitive agents • Observational learning • Not enough evidence that learning is responsible? • Too little emphasis on biology?

  9. Cognitive Developmental Theory • Constructivism • Interaction between maturing brain and experience • Stages • Sensorimotor (0-2) • Preoperational (2-7) • Concrete operational (7-11) • Formal operational (11-12+) • Too little emphasis on motivation, emotion? • Too narrow a perspective? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRF27F2bn-A (6:18)

  10. Contextual and systems theories • Sociocultural perspective (Vygotsky) • Individual + culture • Language, communication • Cognitive development: a social process, beyond imitation • Bioecological perspective (Bronfenbrenner) • Nature and nurture (biology and environment) • Reciprocal influence • 4 systems: micro, meso, exo, macro • Standardized coherent theory impossible? • Too much “it depends”?

  11. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological system

  12. Systems Closed systems Open systems Input, throughput, output Information exchange • Transformation • Physical energy exchange

  13. General systems theory (Boulding, 1956)

  14. General systems Theory (Boulding, 1956) • Seeking “an optimum degree of generality” • The Republic of Learning is breaking up • A “desert of mutual unintelligibility” • Two approaches: • General phenomena • Population change and interaction • Equilibrium theory • Growth theory • Information and communication theory • Hierarchy of complexity

  15. General systems theory

  16. Looks similar to…

  17. Family Systems (Bavelas and Segal, 1982) • Roots in GST: studies of communications in families similar • Psychoanalysis “proscribes” therapist contact with families • Psychotherapists turn to “research” • Especially about schizophrenia, hitherto non-responsive to treatment

  18. 1950s: The batesonproject (Bavelas and Segal, 1982) • Disturbed behavior from disturbed communication • “In response to a particular interpersonal context” • Old scope of knowledge • Based on energy • Causality: Linear, sequential • 1st Law of Thermodynamics (transformation of energy) • Bateson’s new epistemology • Based on information • Causality: Circular, simultaneous • 2nd Law of Thermodynamics (entropy)

  19. Dr. Edgar Auerswald’s Assumptions • The study of families is rooted in science. • Evolution in family studies relates to evolutions in biology and physics. • All human “constructions” are “edits” of the universe, either local or universal.

  20. Auerswald’s Terms • Epistemology = rules used to define “universal reality” • Paradigm = rules used to define a subset of universal reality • Theory = an idea that contributes to a paradigm • Model = a metaphor for an epistemology, paradigm, or theory

  21. Family systems: 5 paradigms (Auerswald, 1987) • Psychodynamic • Group of interlocking individual psychodynamics at different stages • Family • Independently operating units from which individual pyschodynamics • General • A system with things similar to all other systems, within hierarchies, e.g. civilizations  societies  individuals  psyches, etc. • Cybernetic • System of circular information flow and regulatory mechanisms • Ecological • “Co-evolutionary ecosystem in an evolutionary timespace”

  22. Family systems: 5 paradigms (Auerswald, 1987) • Psychodynamic Abandoned by family therapists • Family • General Basis for “family systems therapy” • Cybernetic • Ecological Alternative reality system?

  23. Auersward: current state of family study…

  24. equifinality • Rejects “genetic fallacy”: Causes don’t dictate outcomes • Process can override and become the cause • Child and parents mutually influence http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q2FixXF7yYs

  25. Bowen Family Theory (Brown, 1999) • Reduce anxiety by… • Understanding how family systems work • Increasing “differentiation” • 8 Elements • Fusion and Differentiation • Triangles • Nuclear Family Emotional System • Family Projection Process • Emotional Cutoff • Multigenerational Transmission Process • Sibling Positions • Societal Evolution

  26. Theories about schizoprenia(torrey, 2006) • Genetic • Neurochemical • Neurotransmitters? (Dopamine, glutamate, 100+ others…) • Neuropeptides (Endorphines…) • Developmental • Infectious • Nutritional • Endocrinal • Stress

  27. Obsolete theories about SZ (torrey, 2006) • Demons, masturbation • Bad mothers • “Schizophrenogenic mothers” • Bad families • Bateson: “Double-bind” • Lidz at Yale • “Expressed emotion” • Bad cultures • Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, Christopher Lasch • Fake disease • Thomas Szasz

  28. So what? Relating Family systems to Psych Rehab • How do family dynamics effect recoveries? • How broadly should families be conceived and defined? • How should providers think of families? • How should families be approached? • What role should practitioners expect families to play? • How can psychiatric rehabilitation practitioners lead others in their field? • What specific things can psychiatric rehabilitation practitioners do to optimize family engagement? • What should Psych Rehab learn from the history of family theories? • Do family systems theories matter?

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