Pest Management Concepts Integrated Pest Management

1. Pest Management ConceptsIntegrated Pest Management Lecture 16

2. IPM Start of Intervention EIL ET Population Size Time

3. What is IPM? • A holistic approach to pest management that includes: • multiple tactics used in a compatible manner • pest populations maintained below levels that cause economic damage • conservation of environmental quality (air, water, soil, wildlife, and plant life)

4. IPM Strategy • Identification of the problem • Assessment of damage • Cost-benefit analysis • Selection of management tactic(s) • Implementation of management tactic(s) • Efficacy assessment • Follow-up periodic assessment

5. Some Tactics of IPM • Do nothing! • Regulation • Host resistance • Biological control • Use of pathogens • Cultural techniques • Physical and mechanical techniques • Chemical modification of behavior • Disruption of physiology

6. Do Nothing • What pest have you identified? • Is the pest really doing harm? • How much damage can be sustained without economic damage? • In a successful pest management program, only monitoring for the resulting pest population may be needed.

7. Regulatory Control • Quarantines-limit movement of pests • Eradication-must be applied to relatively small geographic areas • Suppression-limit pest levels over large geographic areas

8. Host Resistance • Nonpreference-host characteristics that lead away from the use of host for food • Antibiosis-deleterious effects on insect survival resulting from feeding on a resistant host • Tolerance-ability of a host to support a pest population that would be damaging to a susceptible host

9. Biological Control • Introduction of exotic natural enemies • Conservation of natural enemies by careful use of insecticides or manipulation of the environment • Augmentation of natural enemies to increase their numbers

10. Pathogens • Viruses- limited to cotton production (very expensive to culture) • Bacteria- frequently applied for management of lepidoptera (used in stored grain) • Fungi-require favorable conditions for development of epizootics (not very specific) • Protozoa-has been used successfully for grasshopper control on rangeland • Nematodes-promising for suppression of mosquito populations

11. Cultural techniques • Sanitation • Stock rotation • Modification of terrain (drain pools where mosquitoes develop)

12. Physical and Mechanical Techniques • Heat or cold storage • Light traps • Impact or impaction

13. Chemical Modification of Behavior • Sex pheromones • Aggregation Pheromones • Oviposition deterring pheromones • Alarm pheromones • Trail pheromones • Repellents • Feeding deterrents

14. Chemical Disruption of Physiology • Natural inorganic insecticides (sulfer) • Natural organic insecticides (pyrethrum) • Synthetic organic insecticides-most popular insecticides (organophosphates) • Insect growth regulators (methoprene)

15. Integration of Techniques • Aeration and biological control

16. Integration of Techniques • Resistant packaging and removal of damaged packages

17. Integration of Techniques • Heat treatment and diatomaceous earth

18. Integration of Techniques • Heat and pesticide application • heat and double sticky tape

19. Integration of Techniques • Attractant and insecticide (lure and kill) • sex pheromone does not impact product • reduces the amount of pesticide used • may reduce need for fumigation

20. Integration of Techniques • Traps and pathogens • Insects are attracted to the trap with a pheromone, but not captured • The insect contacts the pathogen • The insect contacts others during mating and transfers the pathogen

21. Integration of Techniques • Vegetable oil and insecticide • reduced by half the amount of pirimiphos-methyl needed to kill 100% of granary weevils in stored wheat

22. Integration of Techniques • Insecticide and cooling • pyrethroid insecticides are more toxic at lower temperatures • lower temps limit pest population growth

23. The End: Bugs Fight Back