Lesson Two

1. Lesson Two

2. Pattern Drills—Drill A Literature 文学 philosophy 哲学 数学 化学 物理学 生物学 语言学 医学 人类学 心理学 建筑学 玄学 maths chemistry physics biology linguistics medical science anthropology psychology architecture metaphysics

3. Drill B • What if =What will or would happen if……？ 如果(假如)……将会怎么样？ • e.g. What if it is true？ What if a storm should come up？ 万一发生暴风雨怎么办？ • c.f. only if “只有……”，引导条件状语从句，注意从句如果在前主句通常要用倒装结构. • e.g. You can enter the hall only if you buy one ticket. Only if you study hard can you pass the exam. 只有努力学习才能通过考试。

4. Pattern Drills Drill C That’s a shame! What a shame! shame here means ? pity

5. Drill D even though / if 即使，即便 • 即使你不和我们一块去，我们也能找到他的家。 • 即使她不告诉她的父母她想出国，他们也知道她在想什么。 Even though you don’t go with us, we are able to find his home as well. Even though she doesn’t tell her parents that she wants to go abroad, they know what she is thinking about.

6. even though / if 即使，即便 • 他说即使她不能走动了，他也会一如既往地照顾她。 He said even though she couldn’t walk, he would take care of her as always.

7. Grammar

8. Clauses of purpose • Clauses of result • Clauses of reason or cause • Clauses of concession • The future continuous tense

9. Text A Thomas Jefferson (1743--1826) Jefferson Memorial

10. Warm-up questions: • Who is the Chinese political leader you admire most? Why? • What was Jefferson’s early career? • What was his role in the Continental Congress? • Say something about his differences with Hamilton. • Say a few words about his personal qualities.

11. Background Information • The Declaration of Independence is one of the most important documents in the history of the USA and of the world as well. It was drafted by Thomas Jefferson (1743 — 1826) and revised by Franklin, Adams and Jefferson before it was sent to Congress.

12. It begins like this “ We hold these truth to be evident, that all men are created equal...” In this public document, the colonists in America solemnly proclaimed （宣布）their independence from British rule. It marked the beginning of a new nation — the United States of America, and hence July 4 has become the national birthday.

13. Thomas Jefferson(1743-1826)was the third President of the U.S.A. and the author of the Declaration of Independence. Besides being a well-known statesman, He was a writer, a thinker, a architect, a diplomat, a musician, a scientist and inventor.

14. Here some of Jefferson’s ideas and examples: ”Go and see”, “You can learn from everyone”, “judge for yourself”, “Do what you believe is right”, “Trust the future; trust the young”; which are still of great interest to us. • Though he lived 83 years, he never ceased to be young in spirit. He was always learning something new, always trying to contribute to human progress.

15. George Washington is the first President of the US,, Commander –in-Chief of the Continental army in the American Revolution. He was born of a wealthy family and worked as a surveyor when a young man. He started his military career as a leader of the Virginia militia.

16. From 1774-75 he served as a delegate to the Continental congress. When armed conflicts broke out between Britain and the colonies, Washington was made leader of the armed forces. He led the war to victory in spite of enormous difficulty and numerous setbacks. When he became president of the US, he wanted to establish a government above factions, but he didn’t quite succeed.

17. Language Points • Play a part in: play a role in • e.g. • He plays an important part in this company.

18. be / become involved in: 卷入到, 陷入…当中 • e.g. • The singer was reported to have been involved in drug use. • Was he involved in the murder case? Translation exercise

19. The child said that he didn’t want to be involved in their quarrel. • 这个孩子说他不想卷入到他们的争吵中。 • 他这段时间一直专注于制定一个新的计划。 He has been involved in working out a new plan these days. paraphrase

20. He was a successful lawyer before becoming involved in politics: He was successful as a lawyer before he entered the political area.

21. Break out: (of fire, disease, war, rioting, violence) appear, start suddenly • e.g. • A fire broke out during the night. • Riots and disorders have broken out. • 暴动和骚乱已经发生了。 Break away

22. break away (from): go away suddenly or abruptly; give up (habits, modes of thought or belief ). • e.g. • One of the provinces has broken away to form a new State. • Can’t you break away from old habits? Break in, break down, break up

23. Break in: enter a building by force • e.g. The thief had broken in while we were away on holiday. • Break down: become disabled or useless • e.g. The car broke down on my way home. • Break up: come to pieces; come to an end • e.g. The ship was breaking up on the rocks. • The marriage is breaking up.

24. determined: having a strong desire to do sth, so that you will not let anyone stop you • e.g. a ~ young woman • be ~ to do sth • e.g. I am ~ to find out who is responsible for this. • Be ~ that • e.g. D~ that his son would do well, Eliot sent him to a private school.

25. Make: elect; appoint; nominate; raise to the dignity of • e.g. ~ sb. king • We make you our spokesman. • Newton was made President of the Royal society. • 牛顿被选为皇家学会会长

26. Congress: law-making body of US, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives.

27. draw up: to form and usu. write • e.g. They are drawing up a contract.

28. call upon/on sb.: visit; appeal to, require, invite • e.g. • Why don’t you call on my sister when you’re in Beijing? • I called upon him to keep his promise. • The UN has called on both sides to observe the ceasefire.

29. carry out: do as required or specified; fulfill; complete; perform, conduct e.g. Carry out a promise/plan carry out experiments/tests He carried out his promise to quit smoking. Police say they believe that the attacks were carried out by the terrorists. c.f. carry on: conduct; manage e.g. It’s difficult to carry on a conversation at a noisy party. Rising costs made it hard to carry on the business.

30. set up: place sth in position; establish (an institution, business, argument, etc) • e.g. set up a post/statue/ memorial • They set up a fans club after the super star died.

31. oppose: to disagree with something such as a plan or idea and try to prevent it from happening or succeeding. • e.g. Congress is continuing to ~ the President’s healthcare budget. Be opposed to

32. be opposed to sth 反对的，对立的 • Truth is opposed to falsehood. • We are strongly opposed to the presence of • them. 中国政府反对任何形式的恐怖主义。 The Chinese government is opposed to any form of terrorism.

33. sympathy: n. sharing the feelings of others, feeling pity and tenderness • e.g. send sb a letter of ~ • feel ~ for sb. 对某人表示同情 • have no ~ with sb’s foolish opinions. • in ~ with: agree with, approving of • e.g. We are all in ~ with your proposals. • Will the bus workers strike in ~ with the railway workers?

34. rival: n. person who competes with another • Business ~s • ~ in love

35. talent: n. natural power to do sth well • e.g. a man of great ~ • talented: adj. having ~; gifted • e.g. a talented musician

36. dash: v. & n. move or be moved violently • e.g. The car was ~ed against the rocks. • Dashing: a. impetuous; lively; full of, showing energy • e.g. a dashing rider (=one who rides a horse boldly)

37. Reading Lessons from Jefferson

38. Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States, may be less famous than George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, but most people remember at last one fact about him: he wrote the Declaration of Independence. Although Jefferson lived more than 200 years ago, there is much that we learn from him today. Many of his ideas are especially interesting to modern youth. Here are some of the things he said and wrote:

39. Go and see. Jefferson believed that a free man obtains knowledge from many sources besides books and that personal investigation is important. When still a young man, he was appointed to a committee to find out whether the South Branch of the James River was deep enough to be used by large boats. While the other members of the committee sat in the state capitol and studied papers on the subject, Jefferson got into a canoe and made on-the-spot-observations.

40. You can learn from everyone.By birth and by education Jefferson belonged to the highest social class. Yet, in a day when few noble persons ever spoke to those of humble origins except to give an order, Jefferson went out of his way to talk with gardeners, servants, and waiters. Jefferson once said to the French nobleman, Lafayette, "You must go into the people's homes as I have done, look into their cooking pots and eat their bread. If you will only do this, you may find out why people are dissatisfied and understand the revolution that is threatening France."

41. Judge for yourself. Jefferson refused to accept other people's opinions without careful thought. "Neither believe nor reject anything," he wrote to his nephew, "because any other person has rejected or believed it. Heaved has given you a mind for judging truth and error. Use it." Jefferson felt that the people "may safely be trusted to hear everything true and false, and to form a correct judgment. Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter."

42. Do what you believe is right. In a free country there will always be conflicting ideas, and this is a source of strength. It is conflict and not unquestioning agreement that keeps freedom alive. Though Jefferson was for many years the object of strong criticism, he never answered his critics. He expressed his philosophy in letters to a friend, "There are two sides to every question. If you take one side with decision and on it with effect, those who take the other side will of course resent your actions."

43. Trust the future; trust the young. Jefferson felt that the present should never be chained to customs which have lost their usefulness. "No society," he said, "can make a perpetual constitution, or even a perpetual law. The earth belongs to the living generation." He did not fear new ideas, nor did he fear the future. "How much pain," he remarked, "has been caused by evils which have never happened! I expect the best, not the worst. I steer my ship with hope, leaving fear behind."

44. Jefferson's courage and idealism were based on knowledge. He probably knew more than any other man of his age. He was an expert in agriculture, archeology, and medicine. He practiced crop rotation and soil conservation a century before these became standard practice, and he invented a plow superior to any other in existence. He influenced architecture throughout America, and he was constantly producing devices for making the tasks of ordinary life easier to perform.

45. Of all Jefferson's many talents, one is central. He was above all a good and tireless writer. His complete works, now being published for the first time, will fill more than fifty volumes. His talent as an author was soon discovered, and when the time came to write the Declaration of Independence at Philadelphia in 1776, the task of writing it was his. Millions have thrilled to his words: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal…" • When Jefferson died on July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary of American independence, he left his countrymen a rich legacy of ideas and examples. American education owes a great debt to Thomas Jefferson, Who believed that only a nation of educated people could remain free.

46. Exercise

47. Written work: translation • The following is a story about William Henry Harrison, the ninth President of the United States. Like many other presidents in the early days, Harrison was born in a small town. He was very quiet when he was a boy. In fact, he was so quiet that people thought he was stupid. Some people in the town liked to make fun of him. For instance, they would often show him two coins, a nickel and a dime, and ask him to choose. And as he always chose the nickel, they would laugh at him.

48. One day, a woman took pity on him and asked him, “Why do you always take the nickel, William, instead of the dime? Don’t you know that the dime is worth more than the nickel?” • “Of course, I know,” William replied slowly. “But if I chose the dime, they wouldn’t make fun of me like this any more.”

49. Grammar5. • 1) as soon as I hear from him. • 2) so that we could get there in time. • 3) If I were you, • 4) as he was getting off the train. • 5) As/Since there isn’t much time left (As time is running out)

50. 6) since the city was liberated. • 7) if you don’t pay attention to it. • 8) unless it rains. • 9) Though he is very busy with his work in the Party committee. • 10) The factory was so large.