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THE PASSIVE

THE PASSIVE. Active vs. Passive. subject verb object Active: (a) Mary helped the boy. subject verb Passive: (b) The boy was helped by Mary.

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THE PASSIVE

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  1. THE PASSIVE

  2. Active vs. Passive subject verb object • Active: (a) Maryhelpedthe boy. subjectverb • Passive: (b) The boy was helped by Mary. • In the passive, the object of an active verb becomes the subjectof the passive verb: the boy in (a) becomes the subject of the passive verb in (b). • Notice that the subject of an active verb followsbyin a passive sentence. The noun that follows byis called the “agent." In (b): Mary is the agent. • Sentences (a) and (b) have the same meaning.

  3. Passive: be + past participle (c) He ishelpedby her. He was helpedby her. He will be helpedby her. • Form of the passive: be + past participle • Active: (d) An accident happened. Passive: (e) (none) • Only transitive verbs (verbs that can be followed by an object) are used in the passive. It is not possible to use intransitive verbs (such as happen, sleep, come, seem, die) in the passive. (See Appendix Chart A-1.)

  4. Tense Forms of the Passive

  5. *The progressive forms of thepresent perfect, past perfect, and future perfect are rarely used in the passive. • ( j) Wasthe boy helped by Mary? • (k) Hasthe boy been helped by Mary? • In the question form of passive verbs, an auxiliary verb precedes the subject.

  6. Exercise 4, p. 213. • 2. Customers are served by waitresses and waiters. • 3. The lesson is going to be explained by the teacher. • 4. The farmer’s wagon was being pulled by two horses. • 5. Yoko will be invited to the party byToshi. • 6. That report is being prepared by Alex. • 7. The book had been returned to the library by Kathy. • 8. Several public buildings have been designed by Miriam. • 9. I won’t be fooled by his tricks. • 10. That note wasn’t written by me. Was it written by Jim? • 11. Is that course taught by Prof. Shapiro? No, it isn’t taught by him. • 12. Those papers haven’t been signed by Mrs. Andrews yet. Have they been signed by Mr. Andrews yet? • 13. Anwar gave the speech. • 14. The teaching assistant is going to correct our assignments. • 15. Did Thomas Edison invent the electric light bulb? • 16. Most drivers don’t obey the speed limit on Highway 5. • 17. Has the building manager informed you of the rent increase?

  7. Using the Passive • (a) Rice is grown in India. • (b) Our house was built in 1980. • (c) This olive oil was imported from Crete. • Usually the passive is used without a by-phrase. The passive is most frequently used when it is not known or not important to know exactly who performs an action. • In (a): Rice is grown in India by people, by farmers, by someone. • It is not known or important to know exactly who grows rice in India. • Examples (a), (b), and (c) illustrate the most common use of the passive, i.e., without the by-phrase.

  8. (d) My aunt made this rug. (active) • If the speaker knows who performs an action, usually the active is used, as in (d). • (e) This rug was made by my aunt. • That rug was made by my mother. • (f) Life on the Mississippi was written by Mark Twain. • Sometimes, even when the speaker knows who performs an action, he/she chooses to use the passive with the by-phrase in order to focus attention on the subject of a sentence. • In (e): The focus of attention is on two rugs. • In (f): The focus is on the book, but the by-phrase is included because it contains important information.

  9. The Passive Form of Modals and Phrasal Modals • Passive form: modal* + be+ past participle • (a) Tom will be invitedto the picnic. • (b) The window can’t be opened. • (c) Children should be taughtto respect their elders. • (d) MayI be excusedfrom class? • (e) This book had better be returnedto the library before Friday. • (f) This letter ought to besentbefore June 1st. • (g) Mary has to be toldabout our change in plans. • (h) Fred is supposed tobe toldabout the meeting.

  10. Past-passive form: modal + have been + pp. (i) The letter shouldhave beensentlast week. (j) This house musthave been builtover 200 years ago. (k) Eric couldn’t have been offeredthe job. (l) Jill ought to have been invitedto the party.

  11. Non-Progressive Passive • ( a ) The door is old. • ( b ) The door is green. • ( c ) The door is locked. • In (a) and (b): old and green are adjectives. They describe the door. • In (c): lockedis a past participle. It is used as an adjective. It describes the door.

  12. (d ) I locked the door five minutes ago. • ( e ) The door was locked by me five minutes ago. • ( f ) Now the door is locked. • ( g ) Ann broke the window yesterday. • (h ) The window was broken by Ann. • ( i ) Now the window is broken. • When the passive form is used to describe an existing situation or state, as in (c), (f), and (i), it is called the “non-progressive passive.” In the non-progressive: • • no action is taking place; the action happened earlier. • • there is no by-phrase. • • the past participle functions as an adjective.

  13. ( j ) I am interested inChinese art. • ( k ) He is satisfied withhis job. • (I ) Ann is married toAlex. Prepositions other than bycan follownon-progressive passive verbs. (See Chart 11 -6.) • (m) I don’t know where I am. I am lost. • (n ) I can’t find my purse. It is gone. • (o ) I am finished with my work. • ( p ) I am done with my work. • Sentences (m) through (p) are examples of idiomatic usage of the passive form in common, everyday English. These sentences have no equivalent active sentence

  14. The Passive with Get • Get + Adjective • (a) I’m getting hungry. Let’s eat soon. • (b) I stopped working because I got sleepy. • Getmay be followed by certain adjectives. Get gives the idea of change — the idea of becoming, beginning to be, growing to be. • In (a): I ’m getting hungry = I wasn’t hungry before, but now I’m beginning to be hungry. • Common adjectives that follow get: • angry cold fat hungry quiet tallanxious comfortable full late ready thirsty… etc.

  15. Get + Past Participle • (c) I stopped working because I got tired. • (d) They are getting marriednext month. • Get may also be followed by a past participle. The past participle functions as an adjective; it describes the subject. • The passive with get is common in spoken English, but not in formal writing.

  16. Participial Adjectives • The problem confuses the students. (a) It is a confusing problem. • The students are confused by the problem. (b) They are confused students. • The present participle serves as an adjective with an activemeaning. The noun it modifies performs an action. • In (a): The noun problemdoessomething; it confuses. • Thus, it is described as a “confusing problem.” • The past participle serves as an adjective with a passive meaning. • In (b): The students are confused by something. Thus, they are described as “confused students.”

  17. — The story amuses the children. • (c) It is an amusing story. • — The children are amused by the story. • (d) They are amused children. • In (c): The noun storyperforms the action. • In (d): The noun childrenreceive the action.

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