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Kernel and its Types

This PPT aims to provide information about a Kernel, its functions, its types along with their advantages and disadvantages and how it differs from an Operating System.

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Kernel and its Types

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  1. Kernel and its Types

  2. Table of Contents • Kernel • Web Hosting • Functions of Kernel • Difference between Operating System and Kernel • Types of Kernels • Monolithic Kernel • Advantages and Disadvantages of Monolithic Kernel • Micro Kernel • Advantages and Disadvantages of Micro Kernel • Hybrid Kernel • Advantages and Disadvantages of Hybrid Kernel • Nano Kernel • Advantages and Disadvantages of Nano Kernel • Exo Kernel • Advantages and Disadvantages of Exo Kernel

  3. Kernel • It refers to a computer program which acts as a server’s operating system’s central component. It functions as a communication manager between the resources of a server (memory, processor etc.) and the user’s applications (software). It is an Operating System’s most vital component and remains active till the time the Operating System is not shut down. • The Operating System controls the entire device. This results in the Kernel having full control over all that exists in the system/device. As soon as a system starts, the Kernel is the very first computer program that is loaded into memory, post the bootloader. This happens because the Kernel is responsible for fulfilling activities that involve the management of memory, disk, task etc. It makes the choice between the processes that the processor needs to execute and those that the main memory needs to retain to execute. • It functions as an interface between the user applications and the system’s hardware components. A System Call refers to the request made by any process to the Kernel, when the Kernel links applications to data processing that happens in the hardware.

  4. Web Hosting • Any reference to servers makes it worth mentioning the web servers of web hosting companies. Web hosting companies lease server space to store and make available the files of any website to ensure its accessibility over the Internet. These companies, also referred to as web hosts, provide all the services and technology that are required for web hosting. • These web hosting companies can be referred to as the “Best Windows Hosting Company” or as the “Top Cloud Hosting Company” or even as “Website Hosting Companies in India”.

  5. Functions of Kernel • Ensuring communication between hardware and user level application • Controlling task management • Controlling memory management • Controlling disk management • Deciding incoming processes’ state

  6. Difference between Operating System and Kernel Operating System- It refers to a system software that acts as an interface between user and hardware. Every system needs an Operating System to function and it is the first program to load after any system boots. Its types are single and multiuser Operating Systems, Realtime Operating System, distributed Operating System, multiprocessor Operating System. Kernel- It refers to that system software which is an Operating System’s part and functions as an interface between the hardware and applications. Every Operating System requires Kernel in order to work. As soon as the Operating System loads, it is the very initial program that loads. Monolithic and Micro Kernel are the two types of Kernels that exist.

  7. Types of Kernels There are 5 main types of Kernels which are mentioned here, in no particular order. Monolithic Kernels, Micro Kernel, Hybrid Kernel, Nano Kernel and Exo Kernel. The examples of Monolithic Kernels are Linux, Unix, XTS-400, Open VMS etc. Micro Kernel’s examples are L4, Mach, AmigaOS, K42, Minix etc. Windows NT, BeOS, Netware etc. are the examples of Hybrid Kernel. EROS is an example of Nano Kernel. The examples of Exo Kernel are Nemesis, ExOS etc. All of these types of Kernels are described in more detail in the following slides.

  8. 1-800-123 -8156 Whoa! That’s a big number, aren’t you proud?

  9. Monolithic Kernel In this type of Kernel all the services that are related to the Operating System operate in the Kernel space. This means that the implementation of the user services and the kernel services happen in the same memory space. This results in an increase in the size of the Kernel and in turn leads to an increase in the Operating System’s size. It also ensures faster execution of process owing to not having separate user space and Kernel space.

  10. Advantages and Disadvantages of Monolithic Kernel Advantages- Its performance is good. It ensures fast execution of process. Disadvantages- Millions of dependencies exist in it, between the lines of code and the system components. In the event that any service fails, system failure becomes unavoidable. The entire Operating System has to be modified when there is any addition of new services.

  11. Micro Kernel In this types of a Kernel, different spaces are used to implement the user services and the Kernel services. The size of this type of Kernel decreases because the user space and the Kernel space are separate in it. This results in reducing the Operating System’s size as well. It offers more stability. There are less services in Kernel space.

  12. Advantages and Disadvantages of Micro Kernel Advantages- It offers more stability. Addition of new services is easy in it. Disadvantages- There are too many context switches and system calls in it.

  13. Hybrid Kernel It refers to a Kernel that combines a Monolithic and a Micro Kernel to ensure that the speed provided by a Monolithic Kernel is available along with the stability and modularity that is offered by a Micro Kernel.

  14. Advantages and Disadvantages of Hybrid Kernel Advantage- It ensures the availability of speed (Monolithic Kernel) along with modularity and stability (Micro Kernel). Disadvantage- It retains the similarities of a Monolithic Kernel despite being a combination type of Kernel.

  15. Nano Kernel In this type of a Kernel, the entire code of the Kernel is very small. A nanosecond clock resolution is supported by this type of a Kernel. Hardware abstraction is offered in it, sans system services. Since Micro Kernels do not offer system services either, Nano kernels have become analogous to Micro Kernels.

  16. Advantages and Disadvantages of Nano Kernel Advantage- It provides abstractions related to hardware, sans system services. Disadvantage- There is less usage of it, as it is similar to a Micro Kernel.

  17. Exo Kernel In this type of a Kernel, the management and resource protection are separate from each other. This ensures customization that is specific to applications to be performed by the users. An end-to-end principle is followed by this type of a Kernel. It has the least amount of hardware abstractions and Physical resources are allocated to applications by it.

  18. Advantages and Disadvantages of Exo Kernel Advantage- It has the least amount of hardware abstractions. Disadvantage- It has a very complex design.

  19. Thanks! ANY QUESTIONS? You can find me at: www.htshosting.org

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