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MANUFACTURING

MANUFACTURING. Production Systems. These systems are the means by which our needs are met Manufacturing is making goods in a workshop or a factory Construction is building a structure on a site. Manufacturing Systems.

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MANUFACTURING

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  1. MANUFACTURING

  2. Production Systems • These systems are the means by which our needs are met • Manufacturing is making goods in a workshop or a factory • Construction is building a structure on a site

  3. Manufacturing Systems • Hardening clay by fire is probably the first example of manufacturing systems • Glass may have been the first synthetic metal • People began casting metal during the Bronze Age • Stone, bone, wood, and clay were the materials most often used by prehistoric people. • They used these materials to make weapons, food, and clothing. • The Craft’s Approach • Candle makers, Weavers, Spinners, Glass blowers, Silversmiths, Coopers, Gunsmiths and Tailors • Their tools are costly • They hire apprentices • Handicapped people often buy custom-made items

  4. Manufacturing Systems • The Factory System • Industrial revolution in late 1700s brought many new inventions • Steam engines, sewing machines and cotton gins were the first machines • Factories started making good using large number of workers • Business Side • Marketing and business management became important systems in manufacturing in the last 50-70 years • Entrepreneurs • An entrepreneur is a person who comes up with a good idea and uses it to make money. • An inventor is an entrepreneur who comes up with a totally new idea --- laser , contact lenses and razor • An innovator is an entrepreneur who makes improvements in an invention --- electric guitar, diesel engine and power steering

  5. Mass Production/Assembly Line • Production of goods in large quantities • Each worker does one step, passing the item on for the next step • Assembly line --- a system by which the item is moved quickly from one work station to the next • Interchangeability is one of the most important characteristics of the mass production systems --- the parts are exactly alike or standardized • More goods can be produced through this method in a given period of time • Jigs & Fixture • A jig holds and guides the item being processed • A fixture is used to keep the item being produced in the proper position • Craft Manufacture vs Mass Production • Comparison on page 253

  6. Impacts of Factory System • More people could afford to buy the products • Craftspeople and farmers became assembly-line workers • Factory workers had to work without stopping --- manufacturing operation are synchronized • Unions were formed to protect the rights of workers • Child labor laws were passed • The number and importance of schools increased

  7. Resources for Manufacturing • People • They design, advertise, distribute and sell a product • They work in production lines • Quality circle is a group of workers and managers who get together during the work day to discuss problem • In the years to come, many of the manufacturing jobs will center on design and engineering • The assemble-line work will be done by automated machines • Information • Some companies build their plants near universities • They use university research to learn about new materials and production methods • It helps them select the right materials

  8. Resources for Manufacturing • Materials • Raw materials --- basic industrial materials --- finished products • Transportation of materials is an important issue • Companies sometimes have to make a cost-benefit trade-off • Tools and Machines • Computer programs and sensors provide feedback • Numerical control machines are controlled by punched tapes • A control unit receives and stores all the directions • Energy • Most manufacturers use electricity from fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural gas). • Other sources of electricity are hydroelectric and nuclear energy plants • Factories are often built at places where energy costs are low • Some industries use the heat given off during manufacturing --- energy re-use --- cogeneration

  9. Resources for Manufacturing • Capital • Capital is often obtained by selling shares of stock to the people • Venture capital is money used to finance the costs of starting a new company --- private companies • Time • Productivity is how quickly and cheaply a product is made • Fredrick Taylor developed “Scientific Management” --- to study every movement that a worker made

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