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BETAINE: THE UNFAMILIAR NUTRIENT

BETAINE: THE UNFAMILIAR NUTRIENT. PATTI CAREY, L.Ac., MTOM, MS AOMA DAOM Student PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITIONAL MEDICINE SP6012. BETAINE: WHAT IS IT…MAJOR FUNCTIONS. What is Betaine (pronounced “ BEET-uh-een ”) First isolated from sugar beets, thus the pronunciation

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BETAINE: THE UNFAMILIAR NUTRIENT

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  1. BETAINE: THE UNFAMILIAR NUTRIENT PATTI CAREY, L.Ac., MTOM, MS AOMA DAOM Student PRINCIPLES OF NUTRITIONAL MEDICINE SP6012

  2. BETAINE: WHAT IS IT…MAJOR FUNCTIONS • What is Betaine (pronounced “BEET-uh-een”) • First isolated from sugar beets, thus the pronunciation • Neutral chemical compound that serves as an organic osmolyte that protects against osmotic stress, drought, high salinity, or high temperature – serves as a methyl donor • Non-perturbing to enzyme function, protein structure, and membrane integrity • Permits water retention in cells, protecting from dehydration • Prevents build-up of amino acid homocysteinewhich can harm blood vessels, contribute to heart disease, stroke, or circulation problems • Used in genetic condition homocystinuria (homocysteine amino acid builds up in the body) – but is not a cure • Important component of one-carbon metabolism changing homocysteine into methionine & providing methyl groups for DNA methylation http://en.wikipedia.or/w/index.php?title=Betaine Ross AB et al. Cereal foods are the major source of betaine in the Western diet – Analysis of betaine and free choline in cereal foods and updated asessments of betaine intake. Food Chem 2014. 145C:p.859-865.

  3. BETAINE – METHYL CYCLE Health Defence: Chapter 11 Betaine – a new ‘B vitamin” pp162-164

  4. BETAINE = TMG • Original betaine was TMG • Small N-trimethylated amino acid in “zwitterionic form”: has + and – charges on different atoms so has a neutral ph • Know as TMG – trimethylglycine • TMB is actually glycinebetaineto distinguish from other betaines in microorganisms, plants, animals http://wisegeek.com/what-is-betaine.htm

  5. BIOLOGICAL & CHEMICAL SIGNIFICANCE • As methyl donors to bodily functions: • Assists in liver function • Prevention of liver disease • Cellular reproduction • Prevention of heart disease • May enhance exercise performance * Betaine/TMG is NOT Betaine Hydrochloric Acid! *Trepanowski JF, Farney TM, McCarthy CG, Schilling BK, Craig SA, Bloomer RJ. The effects of chronic betaine supplementation on exercise performance,skeletal muscle oxygen saturation and associated biochemical parameters in resistance trained men. J Strength Cond Res. 2011 Dec;25(12):3461-71

  6. BETAINE VS. BETAINE HCLSimilar…but Different! BETAINE BETAINE HCL

  7. CURRENT RESEARCH ON BETAINE “Betaine with Choline (betaine’s precursor) shows beneficial effect on nasopharyngeal cancer” (Zeng FF et al, Br.J.Cancer 2013 Oct 29 10.1038) “Signficantly alleviated altered glucose & lipid metabolism in diabetic mice, reducing endoplastimic reticulum & oxidative stress, improves hyperlipidemia” (Jung GY et al, Toxicol Res 2013 March;29 (1):7-14) “Reduces serum uric acid levels & improves Kidney function in hyperuricemic mice by regulating protein levels of renal organic ion transporters” (Liu YL et al, Planta Med 2013 Dec 11 (Epub ahead of print) “Cereal foods are a major source of betaine western diets but intake is well below those used in intervention studies to lower homocysteine”. (Ross AB et al. Food Chem 2014. 145C:p.859-865 ) “Early betaine treatment can prevent mortality and allows normal psychomotor development in patients with severe MTHFR deficiency (important for newborn screening)” (Diekman EF et al. JAMA Neurol, 2013) “Betaine in human nutrition – growing body of evidence shows important nutrient for prevention of chronic disease” (Craig S. Am J ClinNutr 2004; 80:539-49)

  8. CURRENT RESEARCH (Con’t)A NEW (OLD) PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUG!

  9. CURRENT RESEARCH (Con’t)ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE “Effect of betaine supplementation on cycling spring performance”. (Pryor, JL, et al. J Inter Soc Sports Nutrition 2012, 9;12; electronic version http://www.jissn.com/content/9/1/12) “Betaine.” Taking 3 g before and after workout optimizes muscle growth strength, and fat loss.Stoppani J. (JYM Supplement Science 1/9/2014. http://jymsupplementscience.com/betaine/) “Betaine supplements may support muscle growth and improve body composition: Human data.” (Daniells, S. Nutraingredients-usa.com.1/11/2014. http://nutraingredients-usa.com/content/view). “Betaine supplementation increased power, force, and maintenance in selected performance measure and were more apparent in smaller upper-body muscle groups. (Lee EC et al. J Int Soc Sports Nutrition. 2010; (7):27)

  10. BETAINE VS. BETAINE HYDROCHLORIDE • BETAINE: lowers homocysteine (heart disease, liver disease, homocysteinuria, possibly improved athletic performance, &dry mouth; found in beets, broccoli, grains, shellfish, spinach, eggs. No verified dosages…varies for condition and for research purposes • BETAINE HYDROCHLORIDE: acidic form of betaine, is a synthetic created by adding chloroacetic acid and sodium hydroxide to betaine; treatment for hypochlorydia. Doses vary by individual usu. 325mg up to 5000mg.

  11. BETAINE HYDROCHLORIDE • As a supplement provides increased HCL for the stomach • Best results if taken with pepsin which digests protein • “Increases hydrochloric acid in stomach necessary for digestion and assimilation of nutrients from food, extraction of Vitamin B12 from food, and absorption of amino acids” Wright, S, Lenard L., How to Supplement with Betaine HCL for Low Stomach Acid. Why Stomach Acid is Good For You. 2001.pp 137-140.

  12. BETAINE HCl: OTHER USES Not just for Low Stomach Acid – but many health issues may be caused by LSA: • Acne Rosacea • Allergies/Food Sensitivities & Food Allergies • Asthma • ChronciCandidasis • Dermatitis Herpetiformis • Gallstones • GERD (Indigestion, heartburn) • Hives • Rheumatoic arthritis • Vitiligo ibid

  13. SYMPTOMS OF TOO MUCH AND TOO LITTLE HYDROCHLORIC ACID • TOO MUCH: Nausea, loss of appetite, burning sensation, vomiting, excess gas, burping stomachache • TOO LITTLE: Bloating, belching, feeling of fullness after little or no food, diarrhea/constipation, acne, food allergy, fatigue Low stomach acid often overlooked as being linked to other diseases such as gastric CA, asthma, RA, etc.

  14. KEY INDICATORS OF HYP0CHLORYDIA • 1. “You don’t feel good when you eat meat” (more typical in women than men) • 2. “You experience frequent acid reflux after eating (NOT caused by HIGH stomach acid!) • 3. “You burp, fart, or get bloated after eating” (usually shortly after or 1-2 hours after eating) Wright S. http://scdlifestyle.com/2012/06/hypochlorhydria-3-common-signs-of-low-stomach-acid

  15. RESEARCH ON BETAINE HCL Betaine HCl aids in absorption of pH-dependent drugs (Yago MR et al. Mol Pharm.2013 Sep 10 (Epub ahead of print)). Betaine HCl co-administered with anticancer agents may be a “viable strategy in humans treated with acid-reducing agents” for better absorption (Pang J. et al, Mol Pharm 2013 Sept 11 (Epub ahead of print)) H. Pylori infection precedes hypochlorhydria and likely increases risk of gastric CA (Argent RH et al. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14(7) April 1,2008) Formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines exists in hypochlorhydric and achlorhydric stomach, increasing possible mechanisms for high incidence of gastric CA (Ruddell WSJ, et al. The Lance Vol 308, Issue 7994, 13 November 1976 Pages 1037- 1039) “Hypochlorhydria due to atrophic gastritis can result in malabsorption of food-bound vitamin B12.” (Russell RM. JAMA 1997; 278(20):1659) “Omeprazole (Prilosec) causes protein-bound vitamin B12 malabsorption and ingestion of acidic drink improves…absorption.” (Saltzman JR et al. J.AmCollNutr. Vol. 13, No. 6, 584-59 (1994))

  16. DOSING GUIDELINES FOR BETAINE AND BETAINE HCl BETAINE (aka Cystadane): varies by age, weight, medical condition, response to therapy - homocystinuria: <3y/o 100mg/kg/day; >3/y/o 6g/day - performance/lowering homocysteine in health males and females: 0.5-2g/day, avg . 1.5 g/2x/day BETAINE HCl: 5-7 of 650mg/meal (with pepsin),avg. 325to 650 mg/meal~3250-4550 mg/meal (or more) (Thorne Research)

  17. SIDE EFFECTS AND CAUTIONS BETAINE: *possible interactions with other medications *diarrhea, stomach upset, nausea, persistent headaches, vision changes *kidney disease – do not take – possible interaction with drugs for kidney disease *overweight, heart disease or at risk for heart disease – do not take without talking with health care professional * allergic to betaine – do not take – rash, itching, swelling esp. face/tongue/throat severe dizziness trouble breathing * pregnancy – only if needed per OB; may pass into breast milk

  18. SIDE EFFECTS AND CAUTIONS BETAINE HCl: * pain burning gas or other discomfort esp if not taken appropriately (usu.has thinned stomach lining with increased sensitivity to HCl – atrophic gastritis) * do not take if ulcers or esophageal reflux * do not take if not eating protein with meal (~15 g) * only taken if have lower than normal gastric acid – need to test for it * do not take if using corticosteroids aspirin, Indocin, Ibuprofen (increase risk of bleeding or ulcer), IBS on steroids * should be taken with pepsin to help with protein breakdown * must customize dosages (not same dosage each meal)

  19. TO USE OR NOT TO USE • BETAINE – maybe if someone has a very high CRP (C-reactive protein) • prefer to encourage food sources (beets, broccoli, shellfish, spinach) • ??? Cycling/ performance enhancement – tempted to test it on myself! • further research is needed for use other than homocystinuria

  20. TO USE OR NOT TO USE • BETAINE HCl: yes – but must be tested first • Requires very extensive nutritional history • Provide instructions/guidance on home-testing: • Heidelberg stomach acid test (clinical conditions) • Baking soda test (at home) • Betaine HCl challenge test (at home) Requires careful follow up and guidance until appropriate levels of betaineHCl are obtained and patient knows how to utilize it properly and safely

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