Chapter 4 Rocks: Mineral Mixtures

1. Chapter 4Rocks: Mineral Mixtures Standard S6E5.b Investigate the composition of rocks in terms of minerals

2. EQ: How are rocks and minerals different?Section 1 pp.90, 95, 96 • Rock • Naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals and organic (living) matter

3. What is the Rock Cycle? • Past uses for Rocks • Used to make… • The series of processes in which a rock forms, changes from one type to another, is destroyed, and forms again by geological processes. • Include hammers to make other tools • Make ancient and modern buildings & monuments

4. The process in which water, wind, ice & heat break down rocks • It breaks down rock into fragments. This is the sediment from which SEDIMENTARY rocks are made. • Erosion is the process by which wind, water, ice, or gravity transports soil & sediment from 1 location to another. • Deposition is the process in which material is laid down. • Sediments may be pressed & cemented • What is weathering? • Why is it important? • What is Erosion? • What is deposition?

7. EQ: What is Uplift? • What is uplift? • What happens when uplift reaches the Earth’s surface? • It is movement within the Earth that causes rocks inside the Earth to be moved to the Earth’s surface • Weathering, erosion, and deposition begin

8. 3 Classes of Rocks Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic EQ: How are rocks classified?

9. Composition Texture The chemical makeup of the rock –the minerals and other materials The size, shape and positions of the rock grains Provides clues as to how and where the rock is formed Rocks are classified by:

10. Warmup • Write a paragraph that: • Compares and contrasts minerals and rocks.

11. Igneous Rocks Igneous means “fire” Begins as magma that contains many minerals Cooled magma hardens and solidifies (becomes a solid) EQ: Where do igneous rocks come from?Section 2: pg. 98-101

12. Composition of Igneous Rocks Determined by minerals Light colored ones – less dense– made of aluminum, silicon-Felsic Rocks Dark colored ones – more dense, made of iron, calcium, & magnesium-Mafic Rocks Igneous Rock Composition

13. Texture of Igneous Rocks Size of the grains Fast cooling lava on the surface of the volcano -- fine grains or no grains Ex: pumice Slow cooling magma inside the Earth -- large grains Ex: granite Igneous Rock Texture

14. Igneous Rock Formation Intrusive igneous rock forms inside Earth cools slowly Many are named for their size & shape Large (coarse) grains Ex: granite Igneous Rock Formation

15. Igneous Rock Formation Extrusive Igneous Rock – forms on Earth’s surface Common around volcanoes cools fast fine grains or no grains Ex: pumice

16. Igneous Rock Formation In other words, the faster the magma or lava cools the smaller the grains of the rock The slower the magma or lava cools the larger the grains of the rock

17. Summary • Compare and contrast Stone Mountain’s granite and pumice from a volcano.

18. Draw a Picture of the Formation of Igneous Rocks • Label intrusive, extrusive, magma, lava. • Show the grain size of the developing rocks. • Indicate how fast the rocks cool. • Name rock samples for each class of igneous rocks.

19. Sediments Fragments of weathered rock & minerals EQ: What are sedimentary rocks made of?Section 3 pg. 102 – 105

20. Strata Layers of sedimentary rock on Earth’s surface that forms when the sediment is deposited & cemented together by dissolved clacite & quartz

21. Stratification What do they record? Process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers Motion of wind & water waves on oceans, rivers, and sand dunes

22. Clastic Made of rock fragments cemented together by dissolved calcite & quartz May be any grain size Examples: conglomerate, shale, sandstone EQ: What are the 3 classes of sedimentary rock?

23. Chemical From solutions of dissolved minerals in water The dissolved minerals crystallize Ex: halite—salt—NaCl Result of supersaturated salt water

24. Organic Made from the remains of dead organisms Ex: Chalk is made of tiny sea creatures Ex: Coal forms underground when decomposed plant material is changed into coal by heat & pressure Fossil fuels are non-renewable resources

25. Summary • Describe the formation of the 3 classes of sedimentary rock. • Draw a picture of how each sedimentary rock forms • Show the rock “before” it became a sedimentary rock and the “after” or the resulting sedimentary rock. • Label each class of sedimentary rock.

26. Compare and Contrast Igneous and Sedimentary Rocks

27. Metamorphism Metamorphic Rock Change shape The structure, texture or composition of the rock changes because of extreme heat and/or pressure A chemical change occurs EQ: What is metamorphism?Section 4 pg. 106 – 111

28. Deformation Change in the shape of a rock caused by a force, like squeezing or stretching

29. Foliated Non-foliated Mineral grains are arranged in bands Ex: mica, slate Random arrangement of grains Commonly made of 1 or a few minerals Ex: marble EQ: What are the 2 classes of metamorphic rock?

30. Summary • If I needed to make a tool from a rock, should I choose a foliated or a non-foliated metamorphic rock? Explain your answer.