Human Body Systems You Can’t H ave O ne W ithout T he Other

Human Body Systems You Can’t Have One Without The Other

Body Systems Work Together If you damage one system, you may damage several like smoking which irritates the lungs and also destroys the cells of the immune system Ardi Rizal 2 years old MusiBanyuasin, Indonesia May 2010

If you get excited, the nervous system works with the circulatory system by increasing your heart rate.

AIDS destroys the Immune System As a result you may get: pneumonia (respiratory ), yeast infection (reproductive ), Candida affecting esophagus (digestive) Kaposi’s sarcoma (integumentary).

The Human Body Team How does the body get the systems to work together? To answer this question, we need to recall the organizational structure of multicellular organisms.

Levels Of Organization CELLS ATOMS TISSUES ORGAN SYSTEM ORGANS ORGANISM

The Human Body has 4 Main Types of Tissues

ORGAN A group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions.

Organ System A group of organs that work together to perform a single function .

There are 11 organ systems in the human body 1. Integumentary System 2. Skeletal System 3. Muscular System 4. Nervous System 5. Endocrine System 6. Cardiovascular System 7. Lymphatic & Immune System 8. Respiratory System 9. Digestive System 10. Urinary System 11. Reproductive System

Skeletal System • Your skeleton has five major functions. • It provides shape and • support • Enables you to move • Protects your internal organs • Produces blood cells • Stores certain materials until your body needs them

Major Organs of the Skeletal System • Bones • Tendons connect bones to muscles. • Ligaments connect bone to bone. • Cartilage cushions places where bones connect and offers flexibility.

Muscular System Your muscles control all movements of the body tissues, organs and bones.

Major Tissues of the Muscular System • Your body has • threetypes of • Muscle tissue. • skeletal muscle • smooth muscle • cardiac muscle

Circulatory System aka Cardiovascular System • The main functions is to transport • Oxygen • Nutrients • Waste • throughout the body

The main parts of the Circulatory System are: • Heart • Blood Vessels • Blood

Respiratory System Your respiratory system moves oxygen from the outside environment into your body. It also removes carbon dioxide and water from your body.

The Main Parts of the Respiratory system are: • Nose • Mouth • Trachea • Lungs • Diaphragm

The Digestive System • The main functions of the digestive system • Breaks down food into molecules the body can absorb. • Passes these molecules into the blood to be carried throughout the body. • Eliminatessolid wastes from the body.

The Main Parts of the Digestive System are:

The Excretory System Your excretory system collects wastes produced by cells and removes these wastes from your body. The removal process is known as excretion. • Each kidney is about 4 ½ inches long • Weight is 4 – 6 ounces • The urine output varies from 1 to 2 liters per day.

The Main Parts of the Excretory System

Integumentary System (it’s your skin) • Your Skin has many important functions: • Covers body and prevents water loss. • Protectsbody from injury and infection. • Helps regulate body temperature. • Eliminate wastes • Gathers information about the environment • Produces Vitamin D

Major Parts of the Integumentary System • Skin • Hair • Nails

Immune System • It’s role is to protect • you from foreign invaders. • Special cells react to each kind of pathogen with defensive tactics targeted • specifically at that type of • pathogen. • A pathogen is a • bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease.

Specialized Immune System Cells • White blood cells that target specific • pathogens are called lymphocytes. • T-cells and B-cells are two major types of • lymphocytes. Each type has a specific job. B- Cells T- Cells

What are Antibodies? • Antibodies are special proteins that recognize and defeat invading pathogens. • Antibodies are made by the B-cells. • Once a pathogen is encountered by the B-cells it memorizes it and next time it encounters the pathogen it will have antibodies ready to fight the pathogen.

What are Antigens? • An antigen is any substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the production of an antibodyimmune response. • Antigens include: • Toxins • Bacteria • Foreign blood cells • Cells of transplanted organs.

Antigen – Antibody Diagrams Each antibody binds to a specific antigen by way of an interaction similar to the fit between a lock and a key of enzyme activity.

What is Immunity? • Immunity is a state in which the body has sufficient defenses to fight infection, disease or invasion by pathogens. • Non- Specific Immunity refers to the defenses that are in place at all times and are not specific to the pathogen to which the system is responding. • Skin, mucous membranes, hairs in nose and ears, enzymes in mouth and tears in eyes.

Specific Immunity is a specific antibody response to the pathogen and has been acquired in one of several ways. • Antibodies were transferred from mother to fetus across the placenta. • Antibodies were transferred through breast milk from mother to child. • Antibodies were built up due to prior exposure to the pathogen. • Antibodies were built up through a vaccination process.

What is a Vaccination? • Most vaccines contain a little bit of a disease germ that is weak or dead. Vaccines DONOT contain the type of germ that makes you sick. • Having this little bit of the germ inside your body makes your body's immune system build antibodies to it. • Vaccines can be administered by a needle, mouth and some thorough a nasal spray. • In the US children are vaccinated before they can enter school for: Measles, Mumps, Rubella, Pertussis, Hepatitis B, Diphtheria, and Tetanus

Lymphatic System The lymphatic system is an extensive drainage network that helps keep bodily fluid levels in balance and defends the body against infections. It filters out organisms that cause disease, produces certain white blood cells and generates antibodies.

Major Parts of the Lymphatic System • It is made up of a network of lymphatic vessels that carry lymph — a clear, watery fluid that contains protein molecules, salts, glucose, urea, and other substances — throughout the body. • It works closely with the immune system and the circulatory system. • The Spleen stores many of the white blood cells needed for the immune response.

Regents Practice Question A pathogen passing from a mother to her fetus could cause (1) a decrease in the chromosome number of the fetus (2) an increase in milk production in the mother (3) gamete production to increase (4) an infection in the fetus

Regents Practice Question It is recommended that people at risk for serious flu complications be vaccinated so that their bodies will produce (1) antigens to fight the flu virus (2) antibodies against the flu virus (3) toxins to fight the infection caused by the flu virus (4) antibiotics to reduce symptoms caused by the flu virus

Endocrine System • 1. The endocrine system is a collection of ductless glands that secrete special proteins called hormones. • 2. The glands release the hormones into the bloodstream and they travel to the target cells or organs. • 3. The main function of the endocrine system is to maintain a stable environment within the body or homeostasis. • 4. The hormones also help the body to regulate: • Growth • Sexual development • Metabolism • Sugar, salt and fluid levels in the blood

Glands and Hormones

Regents Practice Question The diagram below shows how a chemical message produced by one cell is received by other cells.If these chemical messages are destroyed, the target cells will (1) produce their own chemical messages (2) not respond with appropriate actions (3) develop different receptors (4) no longer be produced in the organism

Feedback Mechanisms • Homeostasis is maintained by the endocrine system through the use of various feedback mechanisms. • A feedback mechanism is in use when the biological reaction is actually being controlled by the end products of that reaction. • Negative feedback loop are most common. • original stimulus reversed • most feedback systems in the body are negative • used for conditions that need frequent adjustment

Parts of a Negative Feedback Loop • Receptor • Structures that monitor a • controlled condition and detect • changes. • Control center • Determines next action. • Effector • Receives directions from the • control center produces a • response that restores the • controlled condition.

Home Heating System Thermostat detects a temperature lower than the desired value. Furnace Turns On Furnace Turns Off Thermostat detects a temperature higher than the desired value.

Body Temperature Brain senses a drop in body temperature Impulses sent to muscles to begin shivering Impulses sent to muscles to stop shivering Brain detects increase in body temperature

Regents Practice Question Activities in the human body are represented in the diagram • Which title would be appropriate for the diagram? • Rate of Excretion Varies in Response to Intake of Water • (2) Feedback Mechanisms Help to Maintain Homeostasis • (3) Respiratory Rate Responds to an Increase in Muscle Activity • (4) The Nervous System Responds to Changes in Blood Sugar Levels

Glucose Feedback Loop What happens to a person’s blood glucose level after eating? 2.What 2 hormones does the pancreas secrete? 3.Which hormone lowers glucose levels? 4. Which hormone raises glucose levels?

Human Body Systems You Can’t H ave O ne W ithout T he Other