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Looking Westward

Looking Westward. pp. 348-259. Manifest Destiny. Writer John O’Sullivan coined the phrase in 1845 Destined by God & history to expand from coast to coast Fit w/ nationalism movement Racial motives for expansion “Racial purity” & superiority of the “American race”

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Looking Westward

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  1. Looking Westward pp. 348-259

  2. Manifest Destiny • Writer John O’Sullivan coined the phrase in 1845 • Destined by God & history to expand from coast to coast • Fit w/ nationalism movement • Racial motives for expansion • “Racial purity” & superiority of the “American race” • Expansion opposed by some, including Clay • Would re-open debate of spreading slavery westward

  3. Texas • 1803—Claimed by U.S. in LA Purchase • 1819—Given to Spain as part of Adams-Onis Treaty • 1821—Becomes part of Mexico as Mexico gains its independence, American settlement is encouraged • 1835—30K Americans living in Texas • 1836—Americans in Texas declare their independence from Mexico/Texas gains independence • 1845—After much debate, the U.S. annexes Texas; Mexico breaks diplomatic ties w/ U.S. • JQA & AJ had both tried to purchase TX previously

  4. Oregon Territory • Claimed by both Brits (George Vancouver) & the U.S. (Robert Gray) • 1818—Agreed to joint occupation • 1820s/1830s—Few white settlers, mostly fur traders • 1836—Marcus & Narcissa Whitman est. mission • 1843—Oregon Trail popularized; 5K settlers w/in next 2 yrs. • 1846—Despite “54° 40° or Fight,” Polk settles border at 49° N (same as today) • 1847—Cayuse Indians attack & kill Whitmans

  5. Election of 1844 Polk ran on a pro-expansion platform Clay avoided the issue of annexing Texas

  6. Trails • Oregon Trail • California Trail • Mormon Trail • Santa Fe Trail • *See map on p. 353

  7. Life on the Trail • “Jumping off towns” • Independence, MO; St. Joseph, MO & Council Bluffs, IA • Mostly family units until Gold Rush; hired guides • 2,000 miles; 4-6 months • Various hardships: • Weather, disease (cholera & typhoid fever), rugged terrain • Native Americans often acted as guides & trade partners; occasional conflict, but often sensationalized • *More deaths from accidental gunshots than Native attacks

  8. Mexican War • Mexico refused to recognize Texas’ independence • Border dispute (Rio Grande or Neuces?); see map on p. 356 • Polk sends Zachary Taylor to TX & tells navy to capture CA ports if Mexico declares war • Polk then offered to buy disputed areas (Slidel, $25 million for NM & CA) • War declared in May of 1846; overwhelmingly supported by Congress • War had many critics • Ulysses S. Grant, Abraham Lincoln, Henry David Thoreau • See quotes on p. 357

  9. Mexican War • Stephen Kearny captured Santa Fe w/ no opposition (1846) • Kearny & Fremont captured California (1846) • Bear Flag Revolt • Winfield Scott captures Mexico City (1847) • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) • Mexican Cession (see map on p. 358) • U.S. paid $15 million • Some wanted “All Mexico!”

  10. Wilmot Proviso • What is the status of slavery in the newly acquired territory? • David Wilmot, from PA, anti-slavery Democrat • Proviso prohibited slavery in new territory • Passed House, but not Senate • Debate lingered; sectionalism intensified

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