1 / 37

Pricing Strategies Guide - How To Define Pricing

You may ask this:<br>1 do amazon use dynamic pricing<br>2 do apple use premium pricing<br>3 do forms pricing<br>4 do it yourself fiberglass pools pricing<br>5 do pricing<br>6 do pricing errors have to be honored<br>7 do taxis have surge pricing<br>8 do the math pricing<br>9 do underwriters compete in ipo pricing<br>10 doterra pricing<br>11 how can collusion affect pricing in an oligopoly<br>12 how can i get gm employee pricing<br>13 how can pricing policy affect a business<br>14 how does uber pricing work<br>15 how much is education pricing for apple<br>16 how much is ford a plan pricing<br>17 how much is ford employee pricing<br>18 how much is gm employee pricing<br>19 how much is gm preferred pricing<br>20 how much is gm supplier pricing<br>21 how much is surge pricing<br>22 how much is uber pricing<br>23 how much is uber surge pricing<br>24 how much is x plan pricing<br>25 how to audit transfer pricing<br>26 how to be a pricing analyst<br>27 how to cost plus pricing<br>28 how to costing and pricing<br>29 how to define pricing<br>30 how to garage sale pricing<br>31 how to mark up pricing<br>32 how to photography pricing<br>33 how to pricing a product<br>34 how to pricing strategy<br>35 how to structure pricing<br>36 how to transfer pricing<br>37 pay-what-you-want pricing can it be profitable<br>38 should businesses use target pricing<br>39 should cost pricing<br>40 should cost pricing model<br>41 should fixed costs be considered in pricing<br>42 should i put pricing on my website<br>43 should predatory pricing be an illegal strategy<br>44 should pricing decisions remain with the players<br>45 should we be pricing ecosystem services<br>46 what are the various objectives that pricing can achieve<br>47 what factors should be considered in pricing<br>48 what is bundle pricing and why would it be used<br>49 what is capital asset pricing model<br>50 what is cost based pricing<br>51 what is cost plus pricing<br>52 what is penetration pricing<br>53 what is pricing policy<br>54 what is pricing strategy<br>55 what is psychological pricing<br>56 what is surge pricing<br>57 what is transfer pricing<br>58 what is transfer pricing and how can it benefit a company<br>59 what is uber surge pricing<br>60 what is unbalanced pricing and how should you address it<br>61 what pricing policy should odi adopt<br>62 what pricing would you adopt<br>63 what should a pricing strategy include<br>64 what should be the basis of pricing<br>65 what the traffic can bear pricing<br>66 what-americas-best-bbq-joint-can-teach-you-about-pricing<br>67 when is ford employee pricing<br>68 when is ford employee pricing 2015<br>69 when is gm employee pricing<br>70 when is lyft surge pricing<br>71 when is surge pricing<br>72 when is uber surge pricing<br>73 when is unit pricing<br>74 when pricing products it is important to remember that<br>75 when pricing products it is important to remember that the objective is to<br>76 when pricing products retailers must<br>77 where is pricing procedure in sap<br>78 which are the pricing strategies<br>79 which is an example of product pricing<br>80 which is predatory pricing<br>81 which is skimming pricing<br>82 which pricing method<br>83 which pricing strategy is best<br>84 which pricing strategy to use<br>85 who differential pricing<br>86 who drug pricing<br>87 who is a pricing analyst<br>88 who is a pricing manager<br>89 who is dual pricing<br>90 who is triplenet pricing<br>91 who pricing policies<br>92 why competitive pricing<br>93 why cost plus pricing<br>94 why mark up pricing<br>95 why penetration pricing<br>96 why pricing is important

ilya4592
Télécharger la présentation

Pricing Strategies Guide - How To Define Pricing

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Copyright ©All rights reserved worldwide. YOUR RIGHTS: This book is restricted to your personal use only. It does not come with any other rights. LEGAL DISCLAIMER: This book is protected by international copyright law and may not be copied, reproduced, given away, or used to create derivative works without the publisher’s expressed permission. The publisher retains full copyrights to this book. The author has made every reasonable effort to be as accurate and complete as possible in the creation of this book and to ensure that the information provided is free from errors; however, the author/publisher/ reseller assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or contrary interpretation of the subject matter herein and does not warrant or represent at any time that the contents within are accurate due to the rapidly changing nature of the Internet. Any perceived slights of specific persons, peoples, or organizations are unintentional. The purpose of this book is to educate and there are no guarantees of income, sales or results implied. The publisher/author/reseller can therefore not be held accountable for any poor results you may attain when implementing the techniques or when following any guidelines set out for you in this book. Any product, website, and company names mentioned in this report are the trademarks or copyright properties author/publisher/reseller are not associated or affiliated with them in any way. Nor does the referred product, website, and company names sponsor, endorse, or approve this product. of their respective owners. The COMPENSATION DISCLOSURE: Unless otherwise expressly stated, you should assume that the links contained in this book may be affiliate links and either the author/publisher/reseller will earn commission if you click on them and buy the product/service mentioned in this book. However, the author/publisher/reseller disclaim any liability that may result from your involvement with any such websites/products. You should perform due diligence before buying mentioned products or services. This constitutes the entire license agreement. Any disputes or terms not discussed in this agreement are at the sole discretion of the publisher. Profitable Pricing Strategies

  2. You Can See My own Products: PLR MONSTER Get LIFETIME access to 2000 Products Ready to Sell - For ONLY $7 - keep 100% of the profit App Builder Start Your Own Apps Empire! App Builder $9/year, UNLIMITED Apps, Get Free $1100 App Marketing Easytube Youtube Page 1 in 1 minute Easy System - See How All My Videos Rank Page 1 in Youtube, Yours Can Be Profitable Pricing Strategies

  3. Call To Action Videos Double Your Video Conversion! Get 52 Call To action Videos With REAL Actors + Video Mixer Software Video Bomber Bomb YouTube With UNLIMITED Unique videos in Just Few Clicks, Fast and Easy Software! Instaquote Get Unlimited Facebook,Instagram,YouTube Unique content! Create STUNNING 100 Quotes in 7 seconds! YouTube Rank Checker YouTube Rank Tracker - Track Fast & Easy Unlimited Keywords & Videos Ranking - $7 One Time Payment! Profitable Pricing Strategies

  4. Introduction There are many different pricing strategies you can use for various types of businesses. It can be difficult to understand which one is most likely to work well for your business model, or which one is likely to be most profitable, which ultimately is the main thing you should care about with regards to pricing. Keep in mind that there is virtually no way to appeal to 100% of your target demographic. For example, if you price higher you will appeal to those who perceive price as quality and have the income to afford this perceived quality, however you may price yourself out of the market for those with less disposable income and those who are more price conscious. Conversely, if you price lower you will appeal to those price conscious people, but those who see price=quality may think your product is not worth buying. As you see, there is a dilemma involved when pricing a product, and the only way to remedy that is to create multiple products specifically for different segments of your market. However, this can backfire. For example, if you create one product with more features for more money, the people who buy your cheaper package could feel cheated because they feel they got a lesser quality product. Profitable Pricing Strategies

  5. And on the opposite end of the spectrum, those who bought the more expensive product may feel cheated because they feel they paid too much while others got a similar product much cheaper. This is why pricing is so tricky. You must appeal to the broadest segment of your market that you possibly can without alienating people any more than necessary. Choosing the right pricing model for your business requires you to examine a number of different factors, including: Your product Your niche/genre Your market Your competition Your business model In this report, you’re going to learn how to analyze your business in order to decide on the best pricing model for your business. You’ll discover the best ways to choose a pricing model, and which types of pricing models work best for which types of businesses. So let’s get started. Profitable Pricing Strategies

  6. Price Point vs. Pricing Model There are two main factors at play with regard to pricing. Both of these factors must work perfectly in unison in order for your conversions and profits to be maximized. Price Point When most people think of pricing, they think of the price point of the product. This is the actual price of the product. The price point definitely has a huge bearing on sales. Believe it or not, it’s just as easy to price yourself out of the market by going too low as it is by going too high. The reason for this is that many people see ?perceived value?. If a product is priced higher, they tend to expect that product to be high quality. Conversely, a very inexpensive product is often expected to be low quality and many people will avoid it, assuming it isn’t worth the money. Factors to consider when deciding on a price: The pricing currently in use by your competitors, if you have any – You don’t want to stray too much from the market standard price unless your product is significantly different. The income level of your average customer– Obviously you must price reasonably enough that people who want to purchase your product would be able to do so. Profitable Pricing Strategies

  7. The quality of your product– Be objective and compare your product to that of your competitors’ products. If yours is significantly better, you may be able to charge more. If not, you may have to charge less. Your reputation vs. the competition– If you have a much better reputation or are much more widely known than the competition, you should be able to price higher. Otherwise, you’ll probably have to charge a bit less unless your product is significantly different. The prestige of your product – If your product is a fairly popular brand name, you might have a pricing advantage. People will pay almost $1000 for an iPad even though they could get a similar product from an Apple competitor for half the price because they want the prestige of the Apple brand. How desperate the market is– People will pay more if your product is something they are absolutely desperate for, such as a cure for something painful or a way to save their house from foreclosure. Pricing Model The pricing model is not the same thing as your price point. Whereas the price point refers to the actual price of your product, the pricing model refers to the method in which you collect payment. This doesn’t refer to whether you take cash, credit cards, checks, etc. Instead, it refers to the way in which you present your products price to potential customers. Profitable Pricing Strategies

  8. Some common examples of pricing models include: Free Trial– A free trial offer lets buyers try your product for a set period of time before they buy. Subscription– A subscription model charges a recurring fee on a regular basis, usually monthly. This could be for access to something like a membership website or a service, or it could be for monthly delivery of additional products. Freemium– The freemium pricing model has gained momentum in recent years. This model involves giving a product or service for free with reduced or limited features, and charging money to upgrade. One Time– This is a standard payment where the customer simply pays one set price for a product. There are other pricing models as well, including bundling, tiered pricing, market pricing, donations or buyer set price, and many others. But we’re going to take a look at the four pricing models above as they have been proven time and time again for a wide variety of product types. Now we’ll start taking a look at some of the various pricing models, along with their benefits and drawbacks, as well as how to know which model is right for your product. Profitable Pricing Strategies

  9. Free Trial The free trial offer can apply not only to digital products like membership sites, but to physical products as well. You may have seen free trial offers for physical products on television or in magazines. Benefits of a Free Trial 1.If your price is prohibitive for a product that is new or doesn’t have a big reputation yet, a free trial can ease people’s fears and get them to try your product. 2.If your product is so revolutionary that many people may not see a use for it or may not understand it, a free trial will allow them to become familiar with the product with no risk. 3.If your product is a type of product that leaves many people skeptical, such as diet pills, ?miracle cures?, ?make money products?, etc., such fears can be eliminated or reduced by allowing a trial. Potential Drawbacks of a Free Trial There are a few drawbacks, too: 1.You must shoulder the burden of paying to provide the product to the customer with no guarantee of payment. In the case of a physical product, this cost could be considerable and would include the cost of the product itself, shipping costs, and your time spent delivering it. Profitable Pricing Strategies

  10. 2.Unless you require a credit check (which most people would not go for) or ask for a credit card to guarantee payment (which almost defeats the free trial model unless your reputation is already stellar), you have no way to ensure you’ll be paid. When deciding whether or not to try a free trial offer for your business, consider the following: Is it financially feasible for you to do? Remember that if your product is a physical one, you will have to front the cost of production and shipping until payment is made, and you will also have to deal with the potential of customers not paying. There’s little risk on digital products, because you won’t lose much other than perhaps a little download bandwidth If the customer doesn’t pay. Will your product sell just as well without a free trial offer? If so, then it doesn’t make sense to shoulder the risk of a free trial. What is the likelihood that people won’t pay? You’ll have to analyze a number of factors for this question, such as the quality of your product, the financial capabilities of your market, the age range of your market, and your product’s ?passion factor?. Remember, if people are passionate about a product, they’re more likely to pay for it on time. Profitable Pricing Strategies

  11. Subscription-Based As with a free trial offer, a subscription-based pricing model can work with both digital and physical products, depending on the product. If you have a product that could be delivered (and needed or wanted) on a regular basis, a subscription model might be right for you. Benefits of a Subscription Model The subscription model has many benefits, including: The price of a subscription may appear much lower (at least initially) to the average person than a larger one-time lump sum. The lower initial price point may make it easier for people to take a chance on a product (or person/company) they’ve never heard of. It works very well for products that are required regularly such as web hosting, game access, and even physical products that are needed often such as vitamins or other consumables, because it ensures users won’t accidentally forget to reorder in time, thus running out of the product. Profitable Pricing Strategies

  12. Drawbacks of a Subscription Model Of course, there are a few drawbacks to consider as well: If you have a product that could sell for a considerable sum upfront, you must consider that the average person will cancel a subscription after three months. Thus, you may need to take that into consideration when pricing the subscription. This could make the subscription price too high if your one-time-payment would be quite high. Some people do not like to make the commitment of a monthly fee and will avoid all subscriptions. If your product isn’t necessary or addictive, people probably won’t stay members long. Profitable Pricing Strategies

  13. Freemium The freemium model is great for service based products such as online games, software, web services and other media. This model works because it allows people to get a taste of your product without any kind of financial commitment, and you can even potentially benefit from those who never pay you. Here are some examples of companies that use the ?freemium? pricing model: Dropbox and other cloud storage systems LinkedIn and some other social media sites Many online games Some examples of ?upgrades? these companies charge for: In-game weapons, armor, clothing, pets or other items Customer support Additional storage space or other capacity Extra software features Additional users on a single account Profitable Pricing Strategies

  14. Benefits of Freemium 1.You have the potential to get a large base of users hooked on your service because it is free. 2.If your service is extremely useful or addicting, many users will naturally want to pay. 3.You can even benefit from free users who never pay you, because they increase your company’s valuation, allowing you to seek funding or potentially sell the company once your user base is significant. Drawbacks to Freemium 1.Free users may end up costing you a lot of money in bandwidth or other fees. 2.The model doesn’t really work well for the majority of physical products. Profitable Pricing Strategies

  15. One Time The one time pricing model is as simple as it gets. You simply charge a set price for your product. This works best for traditional products in traditional markets where other pricing models just don’t seem to work. When using this pricing model, it’s important to get your price point right. If you’re not using any special pricing model to increase conversions, then you price point must be right on target. In this case, testing really comes in handy. Since you must zero in on the perfect price for your product, it’s going to be more critical than ever to test and track results. Benefits of One Time 1.Traditional markets may respond better to this pricing model than to unusual ones they may not understand or they may be wary of. 2.It doesn’t require any special software to set up. Just use any standard billing system. Drawbacks of One Time 1.Doesn’t offer any potential conversion increases on its own. Profitable Pricing Strategies

  16. Testing & Tracking Testing and tracking is incredibly important when trying to determine the right price for your market. Never assume that because your product seems to be selling relatively well that you have hit the right price point, because a price change could easily increase your conversions considerably. This is why it’s so important to test multiple price points, and even pricing models. The easiest way to test and track is through the use of an A/B split testing program. If you install this type of script on your server, you can send all of your customers through it in order to find out which price point or pricing model works best for your product. A/B split testing software is beneficial for many other areas, too. You can use the same software to test things such as your website’s design, conversions, sales copy and more. You can find some useful split testing systems in the resources section at the end of the report. Profitable Pricing Strategies

  17. Gap Analysis Gap analysis is a method of comparing the way your company or product is currently performing versus its potential performance. It may sound like a bunch of hokey management mumbo-jumbo, but the fact is, gap analysis can have a massive impact on profits. Gap analysis works by taking a look at the things you are currently doing with your business in order to show you ways you could improve. This could be applied to all sorts of areas, including how well you’re allocating resources, how your marketing is performing, how well employees are functioning and more. And yes, pricing is one of those metrics. The basic principle of gap analysis that applies to pricing is known as the product gap, which is sometimes referred to as the segment or the positioning gap. This particular gap helps identify whether your product might be excluded from part of your potential market because of some of the characteristics of your product. Price is one of those characteristics. There is a simple step-by-step process you can use to perform gap analysis on your business. I’m going to give you the process, as well as how to apply each step of the process to your product’s pricing. 1.Identify the current process– In this case, you simply identify your current pricing model and price point. 2.Identify your current status– With regards to pricing, this would be your current conversion rate as well as how much you’re currently marketing in income/profit. Profitable Pricing Strategies

  18. 3.Identify your target status or objective– Obviously, with pricing this would be to increase income/profit. 4.Identify the method to find the gap– Before you can identify a specific gap, you need to decide how to figure out what is causing your market gap. Perhaps the best way to do this is to ask people who bought your product what made them decide to buy, and to ask those who didn’t why they chose not to. Failing that, doing some general market research will be marginally to moderately helpful, depending on your situation. 5.Identify the gap – In this step, you must figure out where the gap is in the market. Are you failing to reach a segment of the market due to using the wrong pricing model or the wrong price point? You must figure out the most likely culprit before you proceed. Again, this can be done through market research, testing & tracking, interviewing potential customers or other methods. 6.Develop your plan to fill the gap – After you’ve identified the most likely culprit of your gap, it’s time to fill it. This part is relatively simple, but may require further testing and tracking in order to figure out which method of filling the gap will be most effective. Profitable Pricing Strategies

  19. 7.Develop the process to fill the gap – Finally, it’s time to develop your plan of action to support your initial plan. You know what needs to be done; now you just need to develop the plan in more detail, outlining each step and setting requirements for timing, testing, etc. Remember that you much be very objective in your analysis of your product in order for gap analysis to work. Objectivity means putting your own ego aside and really figuring out where you may be failing. If you find this difficult, and many people do, then you might need to seek the aid of an outside company to help you conduct this type of research. Profitable Pricing Strategies

  20. Conclusion Pricing isn’t as simple as just setting a price and waiting for people to buy. There is a lot of psychology involved, and generally a lot of testing, tracking and tweaking is involved. Don’t forget that you must test both price point and pricing model in order to reach the most effective balance and increase your conversions. You could try multiple price points with each pricing model before arriving at the best conversion rate. Start by researching the competition’s features and pricing and move on from there. Before long, you’ll find the perfect pricing structure for your product, and you’ll watch your sales skyrocket as a result. There’s nothing like thinking you’ve done everything you can to make your product sell and then discovering the one thing that will send your sales through the roof! Using the tips found in this report, you’ll be on your way to experiencing that in no time! Good luck! Profitable Pricing Strategies

  21. Resources You Can See My own Products: PLR MONSTER Get LIFETIME access to 2000 Products Ready to Sell - For ONLY $7 - keep 100% of the profit App Builder Start Your Own Apps Empire! App Builder $9/year, UNLIMITED Apps, Get Free $1100 App Marketing Easytube Youtube Page 1 in 1 minute Easy System - See How All My Videos Rank Page 1 in Youtube, Yours Can Be Profitable Pricing Strategies

  22. Call To Action Videos Double Your Video Conversion! Get 52 Call To action Videos With REAL Actors + Video Mixer Software Video Bomber Bomb YouTube With UNLIMITED Unique videos in Just Few Clicks, Fast and Easy Software! Instaquote Get Unlimited Facebook,Instagram,YouTube Unique content! Create STUNNING 100 Quotes in 7 seconds! YouTube Rank Checker Profitable Pricing Strategies

  23. YouTube Rank Tracker - Track Fast & Easy Unlimited Keywords & Videos Ranking - $7 One Time Payment! Payment Gateways 2Checkout Accept payments online. 2Checkout.com is an online payment processing service that helps you accept credit cards, PayPal and debit cards. === Authorize.Net Authorize.Net is a payment gateway service provider allowing merchants to accept credit card and electronic check payments through their Web site and over an IP (Internet Protocol) connection. === Braintree An all-in-one solution to accept, process, and split payments in your mobile app or online -- from small business to large enterprise. === Profitable Pricing Strategies

  24. Gumroad Gumroad is a service that lets creators sell their stuff directly to you. Sell music, comics, software, books, and films directly to your audience. === PayKickstart PayKickstart is an all-in-one payment and affiliate management system that will allow you to easily sell your products, recruit affiliate partners and manage your customer transactions all with a few clicks of your mouse. === PayPal PayPal Holdings, offers a worldwide online payments system that supports online money transfers and serves as an electronic alternative to traditional paper methods like checks and money orders. === SamCart SamCart is a web-based shopping cart software built for business owners who are looking for a powerfully simple way to sell more of their products online. Built with simplicity in mind, SamCart is the world's easiest shopping cart solution for small business owners. === Profitable Pricing Strategies

  25. Stripe Stripe allows both private individuals and businesses to accept payments over the Internet. Stripe focuses on providing the technical, fraud prevention, and banking infrastructure required to operate on-line payment systems. === Work Smarter Not Harder! We all know that using internet marketing tools can help us get big success However, did you know that using best internet marketing tools is THE key element for real success of your business? Here is why we must use marketing tools: Profitable Pricing Strategies

  26. Use tools can help you Earn more money! Save more time! Because For almost every paid tool you can find a free alternative one! Use tools can save you time because when you have the best productivity tools, you add more hours to your day! Need more customers and more leads? You must know the best tools nowadays for you to collect emails fast and easy. Do you want your site to reach higher rankings? You will find in our guide top popular SEO tools for free and also paid ones. Do you feel that you waste a lot of time working on social media marketing? We have gathered in top tools the best top social marketing tools for to automate your social media marketing. Don't know which content to write for your audience? Profitable Pricing Strategies

  27. You can find in this guide top tools that give you top ideas to generate the best texts filled with interesting content. This big list of top internet marketing tools includes almost every tool you’ll ever need to master every aspect of a digital marketing campaign Feel free to share this guide with your friends! They will definitely be thankful! ALL 100 TOP TOOLS CATEGORIES Content Curation Tools Social Media Tools PPC Tools Content Optimization Tools Rank Tracking Tools Tops Keyword Research Tools Profitable Pricing Strategies

  28. Keywords Ideas Tools Technical Seo Tools Top Seo Tools Link Building Top Seo Tools Top Landing Pages Creators Twitter Trending Topics Twitter Tools For Images Twitter Hashtags Top Twitter Tools Top Facebook Tools Top Lead Generation Tools Profitable Pricing Strategies

  29. Top Autoresponders Tools Build Email List Tools Top Niche Research Tools Top Trends Tools Ecommerce Software Screen Capture Video Audio Tools Gif Creator Tools Free Banner Creators Tools Top Online Contests Tools Twitter Tools Profitable Pricing Strategies

  30. Twitter Analysis Management Tools Competitive Analysis Tools Backlink Investigation Tools Tools For Writers Instagram Tools Notifications Monitoring Tools New Launch Products Sites Question And Answer Sites Push Notification Tools Time Management Tools Profitable Pricing Strategies

  31. Webinars Tools Heatmap Analytics Tools Free Wordpress Tutorials Website Templates builder Tools Website Testing And Analysis Tools File Sharing And Data Storage Tools Brainstorming And Mind Mapping Tools Top Interstitial Traffic Networks Top Solo Ad Traffic Sources Top Native Ads Traffic Networks Top PPC Networks Profitable Pricing Strategies

  32. Top PPV CPV Networks Top Mobile Traffic Networks Infographic Submission Sites Free Video Submission Sites Free Article Submission Sites CPA CPM Aff Networks Mobile Marketing Tools Scraper Extractor Tools Support Tools Graphic and Design Tools Profitable Pricing Strategies

  33. Efficiency Tools Virtual Assistant Sites Top Outsourcing Tools Traffic Analysis Tools VPN Tools Integration Services Tools Social Media Analytics Tools Url Shortener Tools Content Ideation Tools Domain Name Idea Generators Domain Appraisal Tools Profitable Pricing Strategies

  34. Domain Email Tools Business Dashboard Tools Increasing Influence Payment Gateways Tools Project Management Tools Customer Support Website Monitoring Tools Form Builders Website Builders Image And Cliparts Sites Design Tools Profitable Pricing Strategies

  35. Video Creating Tools Surveys Top Outreach Tools Top Live Chat Tools YouTube Marketing Tools Mobile Marketing Tools Top Heatmaps Tools Top E-learning Platforms Top Content Tools Cloud File Storage Top Affiliate Marketing Sites Profitable Pricing Strategies

  36. Top Analytics Tools Top Social Advertising Tools Content Creation Tools Social Analytical Tools Monitoring Sharing Tools Internet Marketing Top Forums Internet Marketing Newsfeeds Internet Marketing Top Sites Profitable Pricing Strategies

More Related