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History of (Western) Psychology

History of (Western) Psychology. Pre-Scientific Psychology: Monism vs Dualism. Socrates, Plato, and Descartes were dualists - thought body and soul are distinct from each other Aristotle was a monist – he believed the soul and body were inseparable . Ancient Greeks. Socrates and Plato:

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History of (Western) Psychology

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  1. History of (Western) Psychology

  2. Pre-Scientific Psychology: Monism vs Dualism • Socrates, Plato, and Descartes were dualists- thought body and soul are distinct from each other • Aristotle was a monist – he believed the soul and body were inseparable

  3. Ancient Greeks • Socrates and Plato: • Used logic • Knowledge is innate (we’re born with it) • Aristotle • Used data and observation • Knowledge comes from experience • First to examine mental processes such as thought, motivation, and emotional catharsis

  4. Europe • Rene Descartes • Found nerves in dissected animals • Bacon • first to use scientific method • Locke • Argued for tabula rasa (blank slate) • Empiricism • Observation and experimentation are most reliable method of knowing

  5. Modern Psychology • Wilhelm Wundt conducted first experiment in 1879 • Measured lag between perception and awareness http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/literally-psyched/2012/07/31/ the-birth-of-experimental-psychology-how-do-we-measure-beginnings/

  6. Structuralism • Goal = find structural elements of the mind (not brain) • Edward Tichener used had subjects use introspection to describe experiences • Problems? http://heartofaleader.wordpress.com/2012/05/11/introspection-and-leadership/

  7. Functionalism • Looked at evolved purposes of thoughts and emotions • Thought processes must be adaptive (based on Darwin) • Founded by William James (American) http://epsychology.in/school-of-psychology.html

  8. Gestalt Psychology • Led by Max Wertheimer • Focused on perception, insight, and problem-solving • Believed the whole is different from the sum of the parts • German rebellion against Wundt’s analytic mindset http://www.whatispsychology.biz/gestalt-psychology-social-cognition-development

  9. Psychoanalysis • Started by Freud • Focused on describing and treating abnormal behavior • Problems come from previously unresolved conflict (unconscious) • Used dream analysis and free association in therapy

  10. Behaviorism • Started by John Watson • Focus is on the observable and measurable • Describes how behaviors are learned and modified http://ahp.apps01.yorku.ca/?tag=behaviorism

  11. Humanistic Psychology • Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, 1980s • Rebelled against behaviorism and psychoanalysis • Focused on current environment, potential for growth, and needs for love and acceptance

  12. Modern Subfields • Counseling psychology • Work with people with everyday problems • Academic, career, relationships, grief, • Clinical psychology • Work with patients with ongoing mental, emotional, or behavioral problems • Psychiatry • Go to medical school • Can prescribe medication and other physical treatments • Also use psychotherapy

  13. Industrial-Organizational • Advise companies on organization, hiring, training, morale, and compensation of employees • Human factors psychologists study human/machine interaction • Product design

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