UNIT 11

1. ROMAN REPUBLIC ROMAN EMPIRE UNIT 11 FALL OF ROMAN EMPIRE

2. ACCORDING TO LEGEND, ROME WAS FOUNDED IN 753 BC IN THE CENTRE OF THE ITALIAN PENINSULA. THE PEOPLE WHO LIVED ON THE ITALIAN PENINSULA DURING THIS PERIOD CAME FROM DIFFERENT ORIGINS

3. ACCORDING TO LEGEND, ROMULUS AND REMUS WERE THE TWIN SONS OF THE GOD MARS AND ETRUSCAN KING´S DAUGHTER. THEY WERE ABANDONED AS BABIES IN THE TIBER RIVER, AND WERE RAISED BY A WOLF. LATER, WHEN THE TWINS WERE ADULTS, THEY DECIDED TO FOUND A CITY. BUT THEY HAD A DISAGREEMENT, AND ROMULUS KILLED REMUS. ROMULUS CALLED TH NEW CITY ROME AND BECAME ITS FIRST KING.

4. ANCIENT ROME TIMELINE

5. THE ORIGINS OF ROME THE PEOPLE WHO LIVED ON THE ITALIAN PENINSULA DURING THIS PERIOD CAME FROM DIFFERENT ORIGINS THE ETRUSCANS LIVED IN THE NORTH AND CENTRE OF ITALY THE LATINS LIVED IN CENTRAL ITALY, WHERE THEY FOUNDED ROME THE GREEKS ESTABLISHED COLONIES IN THE SOUTH, WHICH WAS CALLED MAEGNA GREECE

6. H THE PATRICIANS WERE LANDOWNERS AND HELD ALL THE IMPORTANT POLITICAL POSITIONS THE PLEBEIANS WERE THE MAJORITY OF THE POPULATION. THEY WERE FREE BUT IN THE EARLY REPUBLIC THEY DID NOT HAVE THE SAME POLITICAL RIGHTS AS PATRICIANS SENATORS AND RULERS OF THE GOVERNMENT PATRICIANS PLEBEIANS SLAVES HAD NO RIGHTS. FREED SLAVES, CALLED LIBERTI, DID NOT BECAME CITIZENS LIBERTI SLAVES NON CITIZENS CITIZENS

7. THE MONARCHY 753 BC-509 BC EARLY ROME WAS A MONARCHY. THERE WERE FOUR LATIN KINGS, WHO WERE LATER FOLLOWED BY THREE ETRUSCAN KINGS. THE KINGS HELD POLITICAL, MILITARY AND RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY. THE ROMANS DEPOSED THE LAST ETRUSCAN KING IN 509 BC AND ESTABLISHED A NEW SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT: THE REPUBLIC

8. ROMAN REPUBLIC 509 BC – 27 BC CENSOR CONTROLLED THE PROMOTION OF PATRICIANS TO STATE CONSUL LED THE ARMY AND CALLED THE ASSEMBLY PRAETOR SUPERVISED JUSTICE MAGISTRATES HAD POWER OVER POLITICS, JUSTICE AND TAXATION ELECTED COMITIA ELECTED MAGISTRATES AND APPROVED LAWS SENATE THE MOST IMPORTANT INSTITUTION IN THE REPUBLIC. IT COULD DECLARE WAR TRIBUNE OF THE PLEBEIANS DEFENDED THE RIGHTS OF THE PLEBEIANS FORMED ENTERED GOVERNMENT PATRICIANS PLEBEIANSEXCLUDED FROM THE SENATE

9. 509 BC – 27 BC ROMAN REPUBLIC THE EXPANSION OF ROME

10. THE EXPANSION OF ROME ROME UNIFIED THE ITALIAN PENINSULA (5TH-3TH CENTURIES BC) ROME CONQUERED MANY NEW TERRITORIES UNDER THE REPUBLIC IN THE THREE PUNIC WARS ROME FOUGHT AGAINST CARTHAGE FOR CONTROL OF THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN TAKING ITS ISLANDS THE MAIN STAGES OF THIS TERRITORIAL EXPANSION WERE THE FOLLOWING IN THE MACEDONIAN WARS THE ROMAN GAINED THE WESTERN MEDITERRANEAN FROM THE THE 2ND CENTURY BC, THE ROMANS EXPANDED IN THE WEST, WHERE THEY GAINED CONTROL OF THE IBERIAN PENINSULA AND GAUL MARE NOSTRUM AFTER ALL THESE CONQUESTS, ROMA CONTROLLED THE ENTIRE MEDITERRANEAN, WHICH WAS CALLED

11. THE ROMAN EMPIRE AS A RESULT OF ITS TERRITORIAL EXPANSION, ROME HAD A GREATER POPULATION AND IT INCREASED WEALTH AND TRADE 1 THREE GENERALS: JULIUS CAESAR, POMPEY AND CRASSUS RULED AS A TRIUMVIRATE BEFORE JULIUS CAESAR BECAME A DICTATOR BUT THE WARS ALSO CAUSED SOCIAL CONFLICTS, BECAUSE FARMERS HAD TO LEAVE THEIR FARMS TO SERVE IN ARMY 2 AFTER CAESAR ASSASINATION, THREE MORE GENERALS, OCTAVIAN, MARK ANTHONY AND LEPIDUS, CREATED A SECOND TRIUMVIRATE AS THE REPUBLIC WEAKENED, ARMY GENERALS ACQUIRED THE REAL POWER 3 BUT OCTAVIAN DEFEATED THE OTHERS AND WAS DECLARED EMPEROR AGUSTUS IN 27 BC

12. IMPERIAL GOVERNMENT 1 MANY INSTITUTIONS, SUCH AS THE SENATE, CONTINUED TO EXIST UNDER THE EMPIRE THE EMPIRE WAS DIVIDED INTO PROVINCES. THESE WERE RULED BY GOVERNORS HOWEVER, THE EMPEROR NOW HAD SUPREME AUTHORITHY IN THE FIRST AND SECOND CENTURIES AD, THE ROMAN EMPIRE EXPANDED ITS FRONTIERS, AND THERE WAS LITTLE SOCIAL DISORDER. THIS PERIDO OF STABILITIY WAS KNOWN AS 2 THE R0MAN FRONTIER, OR LIMES, WAS DEFENDED BY A LONG LINE OF FORTIFICATIONS THEY BECAME ROMAN CITIZENS AFTER THE EMPERIAL LAW OF 212 AD 3 PAX ROMANA INSIDE THE EMPIRE, THE CONQUERED PEOPLE WERE STRONGLY ROMANISED AND ADOPTED ROMAN CUSTOMS, BELIEFS AND LANGUAGE

14. MAP OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

15. ROMAN SOCIETY FAMILY LIFE WEALTHY FAMILIES HAD SLAVES AND FREE SERVANTS THE FATHER OR PATER FAMILIAS, WAS HEAD OF THE FAMILY WOMEN HAD NO POLITICAL RIGHTS ONLY THE CHILDREN OF WEALTHY FAMILIES RECEIVED AN EDUCATION BOTH GIRLS AND BOYS WERE EDUCATED AT HOME, OFTEN BY GREEK TEACHERS

16. ROMAN SOCIETY FOOD THE MAIN MEAL WAS THE CENAE, OR EVENING MEAL WEALTHY PEOPLE ATE MEAT, FISH, VEGETABLES AND FRUIT, AND DRANK WINE POOR PEOPLE ATE CEREALS MIXED WITH WATER AND FAT AND SOMETIMES ATE FRUIT PATRICIANS USED TO ENJOY NICE MEALS THAT LASTED HOURS THEY WERE SERVED AT TRICLINIA

17. ROMAN SOCIETY CLOTHING WEALTHY PEOPLE WORE A TUNIC, WHICH WAS COVERED WITH A TOGA FOR WOMEN THE TUNIC WAS COVERED WITH A STOLA ROMAN WOMEN GAVE GREAT IMPORTANCE TO THEIR HAIR AND OFTEN WORE DECORATIONS IN IT. IT CAN BE EASILY SEEN IN SCULPTURES AND PAINTINGS

18. THE ECONOMY SLAVE ECONOMY AGRICULTURE Itthemaineconomicactivity. TheRomansgrewmanytypes of produce, includingcereals, olives and vines Someregionsspecialised in one produce, so a lot of cornwasgrown in Egypt, olives in Hispania and vines in Gaul. CRAFTWORK Itwascarriedout in workshops, whereslaveswereused MINES Theybelongedtothestate, and wererentedtowealthypeople. Theyusedslavelabour TRADE Itwashelpedbythestability of theEmpire, the use of theRomancurrency, and anexcellentroadsystem

19. THE ECONOMY

20. ROMAN CITIES ROMAN CITIES WERE CENTRES OF ROMANISATION. THEY HELPED TO SPREAD ROMAN CULTURE THROUGHOUT THE EMPIRE Theyhadtwomainstreets: thecardo (North to South), and thedecumanus(East to West) CITIES HAD A GRID SYSTEM, SIMILARA TO A MILITARY CAMP THE FORUM WAS THE CENTRAL SQUARE WHERE THE TWO STREETS CROSSED. POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITY TOOK PLACE THERE

21. ROMAN CITIES THERE WERE MANY TYPE OF BUILDINGS PUBLIC BUILDINGS INCLUDED BASILICAS, WHERE JUSTICE WAS ADMINISTERED THERE WERE TEMPLES TO GODS AND GODDESSES PUBLIC BATHS WERE ALSO MEETING PLACES THERE WERE ALSO BUILDINGS FOR ENTERTAINMENT GLADIATOR COMBATS TOOK PLACE IN AMPHITHEATRES CHARIOT RACES IN CIRCUSES THERE WERE SHOWS IN THEATRES

22. BUILDINGS FOR ENTERTAINMENT AMPHITHEATRE CIRCUS THEATRE

23. OTHER BUILDINGS TEMPLE ARCH

24. PRIVATE HOUSES Thereweretwomaintype of privatehouses DOMUS INSULAE Theyweresharedbuildingswithmanysmallapartments. Therewereoften shops and workshopsonthegroundfloor Thistypewas a housefor a single wealthyfamily. Itsroomssurroundedanatriumorindoorcourtyard

25. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE IN MANY WAYS, ROMAN ARCHITECTURE WAS LIKE GREEK ARCHITECTURE, BUT THERE WERE SOME IMPORTANT DIFFERENCES ROMAN ARCHICTECTURE WAS MONUMENTAL, AND ON A LARGER SCALE THAN GREEK ARCHITECTURE THE ROMANS HAD VERY PRACTICAL OBJECTIVES. THEY CARRIED OUT GREAT GREAT ENGINEERING WORKS LIKE AQUEDUCTS, ROADS AND BRIDGES UNLIKE THE GREEKS, THE ROMANS USED ARCHES AND VAULTS THEY USED STONE FOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS, AS DID THE GREEKS. ALSO BRICK AND CEMENT THEY INVENTED NEW ORDERS, AS WELL AS USING THE GREEK ORDERS

26. ROMAN SCULPTURE MANY WORKS OF ART WERE COPIES OF GREEK ORIGINALS. THANKS TO THAY WE HAVE THOSE MASTERPIECES ROMANS CREATED MORE REALISTIC PORTRAITS THAN THE GREEKS, AND WERE LESS INTERESTED IN IDEAL BEAUTY EQUESTRIAN STATUES WERE USED TO HONOUR EMPERORS AND GENERALS THEY ALSO CREATED RELIEFS, WHICH SHOWED IMPORTANT EVENTS. MARCUS AURELIUS ESTATUA BARBERINI TROJAN´S COLUMN

27. PAINTINGS AND MOSAICS PAINTINGS DECORATED THE WALLS OF PALACES AND THE HOUSES OF WEALTHY PEOPLE. MOST OF THE TECHNIQUE WAS DONE USING THE SECCO OR “DRY” METHOD, ALTHOUGH SOME PAINTINGS DID USE THE FRESCO METHOD. THE MAIN INNOVATION OF ROMAN PAINTING COMPARED TO GREEK ART WAS THE INTRODUCTION OF IN THEIR DRAWINGS

28. MOSSAICS THEY WERE MADE O TINY SQUARE PIECES OF STONE, GLASS OR TILE. THEY DECORATED FLOORS WITH SCENES SHOWING DAILY LIFE, WAR OR RELIGION

29. ROMAN RELIGION ROMAN RELIGION WAS POLITHEISTIC. MANY ROMAN GODS AND GODDESSES WERE ORIGINALLY GREEK, AND RECEIVED LATIN NAMES THE ROMANS WORSHIPPED THE LARES AND PENATES, WHO WERE HOUSEHOLD GODS. THEY ALSO BELIEV ED IN THE MANES, WHO WERE THE SPIRITS OF THEIR ANCESTORS. THEY WERE SUPERSTITIOUS AND CONSULTED THE GODS BEFORE THEY TOOK IMPORTANT DECISIONS. SOME EMPERORS WERE CONSIDERED GODS, ADN TEMPLES WERE BUILT IN THEIR HONOUR

30. THE FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE THE WARS AGAINST THE GERMANIC PEOPLE INCREASED THE INFLUENCE OF THE ARMY. THE EMPEROR BEGAN TO RELY MORE ON , WHO WER NOT UNDER HIS CONTROL THE ROMAN EXPANSION HAD ENDED, THERE WERE FEWER SLAVES TO WORK IN MINING AND AGRICULTURE. THERE WAS A FALL IN PRODUCTION AND TRADE URBAN LIFE DECLINED. THE EMPIRE INCREASED TAXES, AND MANY PEOPLE LEFT THE CITIES BECAUSE THEY COULD NOT PAY THEM. THEY WENT TO WORK ON VILLAS (COUNTRY HOMES FOR RICH PEOPLE THAT BECOME FARMS) IN THE 3RD CENTURY AD, THE ROMAN EMPIRE ENTERED A CRISIS POLITICS ECONOMY SOCIETY

31. CHRISTIANITY DURING THE 3RD CENTURY AD, CHRISTIANITY SPREAD THROUGH THE EMPIRE. THE CHRISTIANS REFUSED TO WORSHIP THE EMPEROR OR SERVE IN THE ROMAN ARMY. THEY WERE PERSECUTED, AND PRACTISED THEIR RELIGION IN PRIVATE HOMES, OR UNDERGROUND PASSAGEWAYS CALLED CATACOMBS IN THE 1ST CENTURY AD, THE FOLLOWERS OF JESUS OF NAZARETH FOUNDED CHRISTIANITY THIS WAS A MONOTHEISTIC RELIGION, SO CHRISTIANS BELIVIED IN ONLY ONE GOD ACCORDING TO CHRISTIANITY, PEOPLE SHOULD LOVE EACH OTHER, AND WOULD RECEIVE ETERNAL LIFE IF THEY FOLLOWED THEIR RELIGION IN 313 AD, THE EMPEROR CONSTANTINE ALLOWED RELIGIOUS FREEDOM. IN 380 AD, THE EMPEROR THEODOSIUS MADE CHRISTIANITY THE OFFICIAL RELIGION OF THE EMPIRE

32. THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS FROM THE 3RD CENTURY AD, THERE WERE MANY INVASIONS BY GERMANIC PEOPLE THE ROMANS CALLED THESE PEOPLE BARBARIANS, OR FOREIGNERS THEIR MIGRATIONS WERE CAUSED BY: POPULATION GROWHT, WHICH MADE THEM LOOK FOR NEW AREAS TO SETTLE THE PRESSURE FROM OTHER PEOPLE FURTHER EAST, WHICH FORCED THEM TO MIGRATE TOWARDS THE WEST AND SOUTH THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE ENDEND IN THE 5TH CENTURY (476 AD WITH ROMULUS AUGUSTUS) ROME WAS NOW TOO WEAK TO RESIST, SO ROMAN EMPERORS MADE A SERIES OF AGREEMENTS WITH GERMAN CHIEFTAINS. THEY OFFERED THEM SOME LANDS

33. THE BARBARIAN INVASIONS

34. THE BIZANTINE EMPIRE IN 395AD THE EMPEROR THEODOSIUS DIVIDED THE ROMAN EMPIRE BETWEEN HIS TWO SONS. ROME REMAINED THE CAPITAL OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE AND CONSTANTINOPLE BECAME CAPITAL OF THE EASTERN EMPIRE THE EASTERN EMPIRE SURVIVED THE INVASIONS AND BECAME KNOWN AS THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE. BYZANTIUM WAS THE NAME OF A GREEK COLONY WHERE THE CONSTANTINOPLE WAS FOUNDED BYZANTINE CIVILISATION WAS INFLUENCED BY GREEK AND ROMAN CULTURE, AND GREEK WAS ITS OFFICIAL LANGUAGE. UNDER EMPEOR JUSTINIAN (527-565 AD) BYZANTIUM RECONQUERED PART OF THE WESTERN EMPIRE