Exploration to 13 Colonies

1. Exploration to 13 Colonies

2. Meanwhile in Europe: The Renaissance • Around the same time (14th centuries to 16th century) improvements in science, technology, and education led to an increase of wealth. • More wealth led people to trade and conflict, which spread goods. • Wealthy nobles were sending explorers out to find better access to the goods from around the world.

3. Meanwhile in West Africa

4. West African Kingdoms • For Hundreds of Years Africa had been a source of trade and for years it didn’t bring much wealth to west Africa. • Trade routes controlled by Berbers • North African People who controlled the wealth Eventually Three Great kingdoms would come to control the trade routes and the Wealth in west Africa

5. Salt and Gold • Gold is Beautiful • Kings wanted gold • Valuable worldwide • Salt is necessary • Gives flavor to food • Acts as a Preservative

6. Controlling trade • Ghana gets more power through trade • Built up armies and weapon supplies • Took complete control of trade • Established Markets in Ghana

7. Rise of Islam in West Africa • Trade in Ghana brought people from all over the world • Arab traders from East brings religion to Ghana • Islam Spread through West Africa • In 1060 Almoravids attack Ghana • Muslim group wanted to force leaders to convert to Islam • Weakened kingdom of Ghana by cutting off trade routes • Ghana falls soon after • Islam remains and becomes most practiced religion in West Africa

8. 300 AD Ghana Formed Around 1040 Ghana Falls Around 1230 Kingdom of Mali 1492 Columbus Mali • Not long after Ghana Falls another kingdom rises near itself • Mali was located right on Niger River • Kingdom controlled river trade • By controlling trade the empire grew rich and powerful • Conquered surrounding kingdoms

9. Songhai Empire • In 1300 AD Mansa Musa had conquered the rival kingdom of Songhai • When Mail Weakened in 1400s the Songhai rose to power • Gained independence from Mali and took over most of it

10. African Slave Trade • Practice of Slave trade existed for centuries • Involved mostly black Africans who were both slaves and slaveholders. • Change came around 600 AD when Arab Muslims and later Europeans became slave traders

11. Slavery • People who were captured by Warring groups during battle could be sold into slavery • Criminals sometimes sold into slavery • People who were captured in raids on villages • Relatives of people who owed money were sold into slavery as payment for debts

12. Slavery spreads through world • Slavery and Slave trade became source of economic power in west Africa • West African slaves sold around the world and particularly in North America • Kings in Africa traded slaves for valuable goods such as horses and textiles and weapons, • Slave trade contributed to the power of all three West African Kingdoms

13. The Portuguese • By 1400s Portugal is a leader in exploration. • Prince Henry the Navigator • Loved exploration, but never really explored for himself. • Built an Observatory and school of navigation. • Financed mapmaking and shipbuilding • Financed African exploration.

14. Asia • What all Europeans wanted was access to Asia • Asia had spices! • Asia needed Christianity • Asia had a Cool Culture

15. Rounding Africa • Dangerous • Hot • Rough Seas • Bartolomeu Dias • First to try to go around cape of Africa • Rough seas and crew forced a return to Europe • Vasco De Gama • Sent by king of Portugal to Cross Cape of Good Hope • Made it to India to find them speaking portugese

16. Results of Portuguese Exploration • Wealth! • Trade, Trade, and more Trade • Increase Slave Trade • Starts to Destroy Africa • Jealousy • Other Nations saw Portugal and wanted what they had.

17. Christopher Columbus • From Genoa Italy. • Became convinced that you could sail across the Atlantic and reach Asia. • Columbus figured that the earth was actually smaller than what was previously thought. • Columbus also thought Asia was larger than it was • Columbus also thought Japan was further off the coast of Japan than it really was.

18. Convincing the world • At the time no ship could carry enough supplies for a long voyage across the Atlantic • Most navigators concluded it was impossible.

19. Quest for Support • Columbus first goes to Portugal • Asks for multiple ships and to be named admiral of ocean • Kings advisers told him to deny request • Columbus tries again but Portugal successfully made it around Africa so they didn’t need him • Sent request to English crown but denied

20. Columbus goes to Spain • Ferdinand and Isabella recently wed to rule Spain. • Columbus makes proposal but is denied • Columbus is kept in Spain • Tries for a second time and after an agreement and additional financial backing the voyage is supported by Spain.

21. August 3, 1492 • Columbus sets sail with 3 ships. • Nina • Pinta • Caravels • Santa Maria • Larger Ship • Crew of 90 • Supplies for a year

22. Atlantic Voyage • Soon after leaving canary islands they run out of mapped territory • A month goes by with no sight of land. • Crew Gets Restless and starts a mutiny • Columbus asks for a few more days

23. Land Ho! • Crew sees signs of land • Branches and Trigs in water • Birds • Columbus promises a reward for person who sees land first • On October 12, 1492 crewmember spotted land.

24. Landing in “Asia?” • Columbus lands in current days Bahamas • Columbus named the island San Salvador • “Holy Savior” • Columbus than sailed to another island he named Hispaniola

25. Columbus makes 3 more trips

26. Columbus’ Death • In 1504 Columbus dies of poor health after returning to Spain. • Went to his grave believing he found Asia

27. Impact of Columbus • The New land became a valuable resource for the European nations. • Conflict between the countries over the new world began.

28. More Exploration • 1501 – Amerigo Vespucci sailed from Spain • He believed this land was a new land and not Asia • German mapmaker named continents after him • Vasco Nunez de Balboa • Settled in current panama • Heard rumor of another ocean found pacific in 1513 • 1519- Ferdinand Magellan • Portugese sailor with spanish fleet sailed down coast of south

29. The Columbian Exchange • Europeans brought back goods and new things never seen before • They also gave the new world a number of new things. • Many good things traded in Columbian exchange • Many bad things came along with it • Diseases killed millions of natives who had no resistance • Slaves were traded all over the new world.

30. Spanish take control • Thanks to the line of Demarcation and the treaty the Spanish took major control of the region. • Spanish sent a conquistadors to the new world. • Soldiers to lead military expeditions to America.

31. Hernan Cortez • Spanish conquistador in Cuba • Left Cuba for the present day Mexico • Had heard of the rich Aztecs and their King Montezuma II

32. Francisco Pizarro • Spanish Conquistador heard of rich civilization in Andes Mountains in Peru • Pizarro took less than 200 men in his army • Inca outnumbered the Spanish • Spanish had better weapons. • Inca captured the capitol of Cuzco • Killed the Inca leaders • By 1534 Pizarro and others had conquered the Incan Empire.

33. Conquistador Impact • In a few short years the Spanish had conquered the two largest empires in the Americas • Killed Thousands of Aztecs and Incas • By sword and gun • By Disease.

34. New Spain • Within a few short years the Spanish were settling all throughout the new world. • Spain tries to keep control of migration • Most emigrants were Spanish unless friends of the king. • Jews, Muslims, and Non-Christians were not allowed to settle in New Spain. • Mostly men • Took many years for the women to reach even ¼ of the population.

35. Settlements in North America • Pueblos • Trading Posts and Government Centers • Missions • Centers for priests to convert locals to Catholicism • Presidios • Military Outposts to protect towns and missions

36. Colonies to Revolution Chapter 2

37. Everyone gets in on the action • Around this point every major european power started to get in on the action • France started to send explorers and colonists in the north and near the mississippi river • Britain – Started sending early explorers to the east coast of North America • Germans – established a small village near present day new jersey • Dutch- sent explorers to present day new york

38. Jamestown, Virginia • 1605 Charter requested by English merchants for a colony • Joint Stock Company • April 26 1607 • 105 colonists sent by London Company Arrived in Virginia • Established Jamestown on James River in May • Jamestown became the first permanent English settlement in North America.

39. Why did people go to Virginia? • Money • As the tobacco industry flourished more people wanted to get in • Tobacco so valuable it was used as money • Headright System • Started by London Co • Colonists who pay their own way to Virginia receive 50 acres of land. • Could earn another 50 acres of land for every additional person they brought from England. • Rich colonists who brought servants and relatives got large amounts of land.

40. Maryland • Religious differences in England created a driving force for more colonies in America • Original roman Catholics vs. Church of England. • 1620s • Request for Charter made by George Calvert, Lord Baltimore • 1632 King Charles grants charter to Cecilius Calvert, son of George.

41. Cecilius, Second Lord of Baltimore • Named the New Colony Maryland • After the Queen Henrietta Maria of England • Cecilius Calvert wanted the colony to be for Catholics • Maryland became a colony controlled by the company that paid for it. • First Catholic Colonists arrived in Maryland in 1634

42. Success in Maryland • More prepared • Learned from struggling Jamestown • Successful Crops and Herds • Grew Corn • Raised Hogsand Cows • Grew Tobacco and Got Rich! • Success brought more people • Protestants!

43. Toleration Act of 1649 • Lord Baltimore presented a bill to reduce the conflict between Catholics and Protestants. • Makes it a crime to restrict the religious rights of Christians • First law supporting religious tolerance • Didn’t stop the problem but showed that government will try to protect rights

44. The Carolinas • King Charles of England also gave the land between Virginia and Florida to 8 of his supporters. • The Carolinas form from this group around 1663 • Start as one colony but the major settlements were too far apart so they split to form North and South Carolina • North Carolina made up of farmers from Virginia • South Carolina mainly European settlers. • Land grants given to the colonists for farming. • Falls under British government when companies cant manage the colonies

45. Georgia • King George granted charter to James Oglethorpe to found Georgia • Primarily to protect the other colonies from the Spanish. • Savannah Georgia became one of first settlements in Georgia • Oglethorpe wanted Georgia to be a place for a new start • Debtors in England encouraged to make a new start • Oglethorpe wanted Georgia to the a small farm colony • Created laws to prevent plantations and Slavery • Colonist grew tired of laws • Oglethorpe overthrown and came under British rule.

46. The Economy in the Southern Colonies • Based Primarily on Agriculture • Large plantation with difficult crops • Cash Crops • Tobacco, Sugar, Cotton • Workers originally were indentured servants who would work for land • One of the reasons people came to colonies

47. Indentured Servants • Servants who signed contract to work for 4 to 7 years to pay for their journey to America. • Very common as death rates created labor shortages • After servant time period you could work for self • Didn’t have money to buy land • Didn’t have resources to stop working • Usually still worked if able for someone

48. Slavery • Dutch ship brought first Africans to colonies in 1619 • Servants and Slaves both • Servants who work out contracts could start own farms • Demand for labor lead to low cost for slaves creating an increase in slave labor in colonies. • By 1700s enslaved Africans rather than indentured servants main labor force.

49. The Mayflower • September 16, 2012 • Left England with 100 men women and children • William Bradford was one of them • Two Months at sea finally landed north of Virginia • Outside Charter given • Needed to Govern Self

50. Mayflower Compact • November 21 1620 • 41 male passengers signed the Mayflower Compact • Legal contract to agree to have fair laws to protect the general good. • Represents one of the first attempts at self government in colonies.