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The big ideas of science

The big ideas of science. I. The nature of matter. Nucleus: protons (+) neutrons (o). Clouds: electrons (-). molecules. II. Laws of motion and gravity. Law of Gravitational Attraction . Scientific Law definition: A natural phenomenon that has been proven to

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The big ideas of science

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  1. The big ideas of science I. The nature of matter • Nucleus: • protons (+) • neutrons (o) • Clouds: • electrons (-) molecules II. Laws of motion and gravity Law of Gravitational Attraction Scientific Law definition: A natural phenomenon that has been proven to occur invariably whenever certain conditions are met

  2. The big ideas of science III. Special and General Relativity IV. Evolution of the Universe The Big Bang! 13.7 billion years

  3. V. The Laws of Thermodynamics First Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed. Significance: 1. Energy of the Universe is a constant quantity 2. The energy of the Universe has existed forever Second Law: the entropy of an isolated system tends to increase Significance: energy input required to counteract entropy Third law: As temperature approaches absolute zero (0 Kelvin = - 273 Celsius), the entropy of a system approaches a constant minimum.

  4. The big ideas of science VI. Earth and the Universe VII. Nature of the Earth and deep time Plate tectonics/ continental drift

  5. The big ideas of science VIII. Evolution of life 3.6 - 3.8 by IX. Genetics and DNA Building blocks: A, C, T, G

  6. THEORY: a well documented, explanatory principle Hypothesis; educated guess based on observations

  7. THE NATURE OF SCIENCE A. Logical Thinking 1. Inductive reasoning: Every green apple I have eaten was sour Therefore: All green apples are sour (inductive leap) 2. Deductive reasoning: Caveat: IF all green apples are sour Premises must be true and conclusion must logically follow premises IF i have a green apple THEN: My green apple is sour 3.Abductive reasoning: Why are green apples sour? Hypothesis: Green apples are sour because they lack sugar

  8. Plato (429-347 BCE) Thales (ca. 624 BCE-ca. 546 BCE) Francis Bacon (1561-1626) B. science: What it is • Dangerous ideas • Logic Aristotle (384-322 BCE) • Observation • Falsifiability • No supernatural • No authority • Question assumptions • Hypothesis • The scientific method

  9. B. Science: what it is 1. A body of knowledge explaining the nature of Nature 2. A method to explain the nature of Nature 3. Characteristics: testable, natural law, repeatable, tentative, falsifiable, public access “Science is a particular way of knowing about the world. In science, explanations are restricted to those that can be inferred from the confirmable data - the results obtained through observation and experiments that can be substantiated by other scientists. Anything that can be observed or measured is amenable to scientific investigation. Explanations that cannot be based upon empirical evidence are not part of science.” National Academy of Sciences

  10. Yersinia pestis b. science: what it is Uncommon sense illusions “The plague is carried by a malignant disposition in the air; without which some plagues could never have been so catching, as they were." Rotational speed = 1600 kM/ hour Orbital speed = 108, 000 kM/ hour

  11. C. Science: what it isn’t 1. Accumulation of facts 2. Demeaning 3. The ultimate meaning of life 4. Technology 5. Immoral E = mc2

  12. D. “THE” SCIENTIFIC METHOD 1. Systematic observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Testing 4. Data collection/ organization 5. Generalizations 6. Publication

  13. D. “The” Scientific Method Controlled Experiment

  14. Graphing results Y axis Dependent variable X axis Independent variable

  15. Questions In a homicide case, Sherlock Holmes determined that because the family guard dog always barks at strangers and because the dog did not bark the night the murder took place, then the murderer must not have been a stranger. This is an example of _________ reasoning. a. deductive b. inductive c. abductive d. conductive A theory is a well documented _______ principle. a. entertaining b. expository c. explanatory

  16. Questions • Which of the following was a contribution of Aristotle to the philosophy of science? • No supernatural allowed • No authorities in science • Science should be hypothesis driven • Concepts in science are falsifiable • Which of the following is a true statement about science? • Science is about discovering the absolute truth • Science is just plain common sense thinking • Science is often counter intuitive • The age of science is over

  17. Questions • Joanne wanted to find out if cigarettes could cause cancer in rats. • So, Joanne divided 100 rats into two groups. One group received • cigarette smoke for one hour each day; the other group received • no cigarette smoke. In this experiment, what is the control? • Cancer • The rats that received the cigarette smoke • The rats that didn’t receive the cigarette smoke • Joanne

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