Which form of education do you feel is best for the 21 st century learner?

1. High School Earth Science Hybrid Class Design Encourages Student Attention, Higher Level Learning, and Concept Retention By Emily Schroeder Touro University A Field Project Presented to the Faculty of the School of Education Touro University In Partial fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of MASTERS OF ARTS In Educational Technology Advisor Dr. Susan Craig, Adjunct Faculty, Touro University - California December 17, 2009

2. Which form of education do you feel is best for the 21st century learner? A. Traditional face-to-face classroom B. Face-to-Face with Web-based aspects C. Distance Education D. Online

3. What is the 21st century learner? http://www.pierce.ctc.edu/distance/images/dl_world_graphic.png Someone who…… Has technology and internet information at their fingertips at all times Multi-tasks between various forms of media Expects the latest information instantly Expects information in an interactive, multimedia, and multitasking environment (ISTE, 2007)

4. How do we accomplish this? Educators are considered Non-native to technology, but must learn and adopt various lessons to become Web-based while also maintaining face-to-face learning as well How are you doing this currently in your class?

5. Education Class Terms http://students.ou.edu/K/Blair.K.Kelley-1/images/JHerb%20Classroom.JPG Face-to-face, Conventional

6. Distance learning http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/2007/eKits/zoo_distance_learning_040507.jpg http://www.saintmartincleveland.org/content/UserFiles/Image/distance%20learning%20prof%20dev%202.JPG

7. Online http://perfecthomeschoolonline.com/images/3_The%20Many%20Benefits%20Of%20Online%20Education.jpg

8. Web-based, Virtual, E-learning http://itcilo.files.wordpress.com/2009/01/elearning_treeofknowledge.jpg

9. Hybrid, Classroom-based online learning http://www.etutors-portal.net/homepage_components/resources/Blendedlearning.jpg

10. What is Hybrid? Strongest aspects of face-to-face and Web-based classes combined 49% or less instruction on-line and the rest in the classroom (Schuh, 2009) Active learning and constructivist environment (Hein, 1991)

11. Why Hybrid Education? Field of technology is growing throughout all levels of education Helps students become autonomous and self-regulating in Web-based learning Provides flexibility for students and teachers

12. Improves skills for 21st century learners in the future workforce • global awareness • self-directed learning • information and communications technology literacy • problem solving • time management • personal responsibility • (ISTE, 2007)

13. Students draw on prior knowledge in online discussion groups and blogs (Ng, 2007) • Helps students who are ill, busy with athletics and the arts

14. Hybrid Issues More time needed to prep both online and face-to-face class Potential for boring podcasts or book online type structure No infrastructure yet for curriculum building Not a lot of training for this type of class: all must be built from bottom up Lack of funding for maintenance Lack of research

15. Research • Very little published in K-12 education • Much of this is qualitative: student questionnaires and teacher interviews • Quite a bit published in University and Professional development arenas • funding differences, student characteristics, policies and other aspects in the different levels of education (Clark & Berge, 2005; Blomeyer, 2002, 2003).

16. K-12 Publications United States Department of Education (2009) meta-analysis of all research found 9 studies from 1996-2008 where an experimental design formed measurable data that were objective Foreign countries have a few studies but most are qualitative with no measurable data Some are unit based, not full year

17. Findings Students in online learning situations have, on average, outperformed students in traditional classroom settings (US Dept. of Ed., 2009) Online learning has grown by 47% in the last two years but is lacking publication. (Picciano & Seaman, 2009; Lopez, 2006) Parents want options (Lopez, 2006, 2009) Students gain perspective of the world interacting with through Web with research teams in the field or professor in college research setting (Doering & Veletsianos, 2008; Nicholas, 2009)

18. What’s next? Research in K-12 with funding for publication US Dept. Of Education and other leading researchers continue to gather evidence and push for funding Development of a structure for hybrid courses curriculum Communication avenues between successful groups of online teachers

19. Which form of education do you feel is best for the 21st century learner? A. Traditional face-to-face classroom B. Face-to-Face with Web-based aspects C. Distance Education D. Online

20. Project Plan Design Earth Science Summer School program Spring 2010 Practice technology infused lessons in class (real world application) Build learning communities Have students do at home Web-Based lessons Survey students Compare grades with last years students with completion of same units

21. Biggs, M. J. G. (2006). Comparison of student perceptions of classroom instruction: Traditional, hybrid, and distance education. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education. 7, 46-51. • Bonwell, C., & Eison, J. (1991). Active Learning: Creating Excitement in the Classroom AEHE-ERIC Higher Education Report No.1. Washington, D.C.: Jossey-Bass. • Cavanaugh, C., & Blomeyer, R. (2007). What works in K-12 online learning. International Society for Technology in Education. Washington D.C., United States. • Cavanaugh, C., Gillan, K. J., Kromrey, J., Hess, M., & Blomeyer, R. ( 2004). The effects of distance education on K-12 student outcomes: A meta-analysis. Illinois, Learning Point Associates. • Clark, T., & Berge, Z. (2005). Virtual school and elearning: Planning for success. The Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System: 19th Annual Conference of Distance Teaching and Learning. http://www.uwex.edu/distred/conference. Accessed 20 October 2009 • Clark, Tom. Virtual schools: status and trends. A study of virtual schools in the United States. Distance Learning Resource Network. Phoenix, AZ. 2001. http://www.wested.org/online_pubs/virtualschools.pdf. Accessed November 16, 2009. • Doering, A., & Veletsianos, G. (2008). Hybrid online education: Identifying integration models using adventure learning. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 23, 23–41. • Hein, G. E. (1991). Constructivist Learning Theory.The Museum and the Needs of People. International Committee of Museum Educators Conference. Jerusalem, Israel. 15-22. http://www.exploratorium.edu/ifi/resources/constructivistlearning.html. Accessed 26 May 2009. • Lopez, J. (2006). Teaching in a hybrid online high school environment: A case study of five school teachers (Doctoral dissertation). Available from Proquest Dissertations and Theses Database. (UMI No. 3213346) • Maor, D. (2003). The teacher’s role in developing interaction and reflection in an online learning community. Computer Mediated Communication. Education Media International.http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals. Accessed 26 May 2009. • McCray, G. E. (2000). The hybrid course: Merging on-line instruction and the traditional classroom. Information Technology and Management. 1, 307-327. • Means, B., Toyama, Y., Murphy, R., Bakia, M., & Jones, K. (2009). Evaluation of evidence-based practices in online learning: A meta-analysis and review of online learning studies. United States: U.S. Department of Education, Office of planning, evaluation, and policy development policy and program studies service. • Nicholas, H., & Ng, W. (2009). Engaging secondary students in extended and open learning supported by online technologies. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 41, 305-328. • Ng, W. & Nicholas, H. (2007). Conceptualizing the use of online technologies for gifted secondary students. Roeper Review, 29, 190-196. • North American Council for Online Learning and the Partnership for 21st Century Skills. (2006). Virtual schools and 21st century skills. NACOL. http://www.21stcenturyskills.org/documents/VSand21stCenturySkillsFINALPaper.pdf. Accesses 20 October 2009. • Picciano, A. G, & Seaman, J. ( 2009). K-12 online learning: A 2008 Follow-up of the Survey of United States School District Administrators. United States: Sloan Consortium. • Riffell, S. K., & Sibley, D. F. (2004). Can hybrid course formats increase attendance in undergraduate environmental science courses?J. Nat. Resour. Life Sci. Educ., Vol 33. • Schur, L. (2009). Classroom vs. distance vs. hybrid instruction: A comparison. Texas Distance Learning Association Conference. Corpus Christi, Texas. http://www.txdla.org/. Accessed 20 October 2009. • Valtonen, T., Kukkonen, J., Dillon, P., & Vaisanen, P. (2009). Finnish high school students’ readiness to adopt online learning: Questioning the assumptions. Computers and Education. 53, 742-748.