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The Cognitive Perspective in Information Science Research

The Cognitive Perspective in Information Science Research . Anthony Hughes Kristina Spurgin. Cognition. “Illumynyd she is wyth clere cognycyoun In hyr soule” - Osbern Bokenham Seyntys , 1447 (L.154) Cognition

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The Cognitive Perspective in Information Science Research

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  1. The Cognitive Perspective in Information Science Research Anthony Hughes Kristina Spurgin

  2. Cognition • “Illumynyd she is wyth clere cognycyoun In hyr soule” -Osbern Bokenham Seyntys, 1447 (L.154) • Cognition • The understanding, acquisition, and processing of knowledge, or, more loosely, thought processes.

  3. Cognitive Science • Cognitive science • Kinds of knowledge underlying cognition • Details of cognitive processing • Computational modeling of these processes • Computers + Psychology + Linguistics = Cognitive Science!

  4. General Topic Areas in Cognitive Science • Perception • Thinking • Learning • Knowledge representation • Language

  5. Perception • Stimuli  simple perceptual objects • Matching of simple perceptual objects to stored representations of objects • Visual processing and imagery Applications in LIS: • Human Computer Interaction

  6. Thinking • Reasoning • Problem solving • Decision-making Applications in LIS: • Information seeking • Relevance judgments • Information literacy training • Think-aloud research methods

  7. Learning • Machine and human learning • Psychology and representations of learning • Memory • Encoding and retrieval Applications in LIS: • Information retrieval • User studies • Bibliographic instruction and reference work

  8. Knowledge Representation • Methods by which information is stored in the mind for later use • Understanding, designing, and implementing representations of information in computers Applications in LIS: • Taxonomy • Thesauri • Classification schemes • Ontologies

  9. Language • The relationship between language and cognition • Rules of language and their processing • Syntax, semantics, and pragmatics • Language acquisition and comprehension Applications in LIS: • Natural Language Processing • Latent semantic indexing • Controlled vocabulary development • Information extraction

  10. Measures of Cognition - Quantitative • Cognitive ability • Absolute judgments of stimuli • Cognitive style • Embedded Figures Test (field dependence vs. field independence) • Cognitive Styles Analysis (holistic vs. analytical cognitive style) • Cognitive Style Index (intuitive vs. analytic cognitive style)

  11. Measures of Cognition - Quantitative • Cognitive space • Stimulus pairing • Linguistic • Spatial

  12. Measures of Cognition - Qualitative • Concept mapping • Think-aloud or verbal protocol • Card sorting • Free-listing

  13. Readings Cognitive & Information Science as it was applied in the readings: Theory Research Ingwersen Todd Kim & Allen

  14. Cognitive and Task Influences on Web Searching Behavior (Kim & Allen) • Independent Variables (across both studies) • Cognitive style (field dependence vs. independence) • Problem solving ability/style • Search engine used • Cognitive ability (perceptual speed, spatial scanning, logical reasoning • Task • Dependent Variables (across both studies) • Search performance/outcome (precision/recall) • Search activities (mouseclicks, links followed etc…) • Findings (across both studies) • Task had main interaction effect across studies • Cognitive ability and problem solving style interacted with task effect to influence search activity • Questions: • Do you agree with the way cognitive science measures were applied in this study? • If task if main determinent, how do we design systems that support breadth of searchers and their tasks?

  15. Back to our beginnings…(R. Todd) • Information utilization • acting/doing • thinking/acting/doing • Cognitive + Behavioral change • Measurement • Instrumental + symbolic • Conceptual: “…what is happening in people’s minds when they do something with information.” • Bertram Brookes • K[S] + ∆I = K[S + ∆S] • Study • Change in knowledge states regarding heroin • Initial knowledge map • Exposure to information • Successive mapping and exposure • Findings • Complete picture / changed picture / clearer picture / verified picture / position in picture • Questions • Is this empirical research? • Can we hope to measure cognitive change?

  16. Cognitive Information Retrieval (Ingwersen, P.) • See Figure • Questions • Where does cognitive science fit within this picture? • What does it have to add? • Is the holistic cognitive view of IR a theory? • Where does the role of affect or emotion fit within this theory?

  17. User’s cognitivespace ASKLabel-Effect Informationobjects Socio-organizationenvironment Representations Problem /Situation SystemStructures User’s cognitivespace InterfaceFunctionality Algorithms Task IntermediaryCogntition Holistic view of IR cognition Individual view of IR cognition Communication through information processing Cognitive Free Fall User Intermediary System Human Human or System Polyrepresentation FeedbackQuery Expansion InformationNeed Work Task

  18. Model of Ingwersen’s IR process From: Wilson, T.D. (1999) Models of Information Behaviour Research. Journal of Documentation, vol.55(3) pg. 249-270

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