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1. Stability Operations & Support Operations FM 3-07 (100-20)
DTD February 2002
2. "In one moment in time, our service members will be feeding and clothing displaced refugees - providing humanitarian assistance. In the next moment, they will be holding two warring tribes apart - conducting peacekeeping operations. Finally, they will be fighting a highly lethal mid-intensity battle. All on the same day, all within three city blocks. It will be what we call the three block war."
- General Charles C. Krulak, USMC
Charles C. Krulak, "The Three Block War: Fighting in Urban Areas," National Press Club, Vital Speeches of the Day, 15 December 1997
In the future, peacekeeping and, to a lesser extent, peace enforcement operations will remain essentially police actions, requiring a long-term, highly visible, traditional infantry "presence" to create an aura of normalcy and stability. On the other hand, we believe that mid-intensity war in urban areas can be successfully prosecuted using rapid strikes conducted by specialized urban forces equipped with future advanced technology systems. In this article, we will briefly outline our vision of future urban operations, examine the capabilities required to achieve this vision, and discuss the development of the advanced Urban Warfighter System that will help provide these capabilities.
"In one moment in time, our service members will be feeding and clothing displaced refugees - providing humanitarian assistance. In the next moment, they will be holding two warring tribes apart - conducting peacekeeping operations. Finally, they will be fighting a highly lethal mid-intensity battle. All on the same day, all within three city blocks. It will be what we call the three block war."
- General Charles C. Krulak, USMC
Charles C. Krulak, "The Three Block War: Fighting in Urban Areas," National Press Club, Vital Speeches of the Day, 15 December 1997
In the future, peacekeeping and, to a lesser extent, peace enforcement operations will remain essentially police actions, requiring a long-term, highly visible, traditional infantry "presence" to create an aura of normalcy and stability. On the other hand, we believe that mid-intensity war in urban areas can be successfully prosecuted using rapid strikes conducted by specialized urban forces equipped with future advanced technology systems. In this article, we will briefly outline our vision of future urban operations, examine the capabilities required to achieve this vision, and discuss the development of the advanced Urban Warfighter System that will help provide these capabilities.
3. Terminal Learning Objective Action: Describe the SOSO Environment
Conditions: Given a guided classroom discussion and access to the appropriate publications.
Standards: Described the SOS Environment Terminal Learning Objective
Inform the students of the following Terminal Learning Objective requirements.
At the completion of this lesson, you [the student] will:
Action: Describe the
Conditions: Given a guided classroom discussion and access to the appropriate publications.
Standards: Described the
Terminal Learning Objective
Inform the students of the following Terminal Learning Objective requirements.
At the completion of this lesson, you [the student] will:
Action: Describe the
Conditions: Given a guided classroom discussion and access to the appropriate publications.
Standards: Described the
4. Stability / Support Operations Stability: promote and protect US national interests by influencing the threat, political, and information dimensions of the operational environment ... Support: employ Armed Forces to assist civil authorities (foreign or domestic) as they prepare for or respond to crises and relieve suffering The Army conducts full spectrum operations to accomplish missions in both war and military operations other than war (MOOTW). Full spectrum operations include offensive, defensive, stability, and support operations. Stability operations and support operations predominate in MOOTW that may include certain small scale contingencies and peacetime military engagement.
Stability Operations promote and protect US national interests by influencing the threat, political, and information dimensions of the operational environment through a combination of peacetime developmental, cooperative activities, and coercive actions in response to crisis.
Support Operations employ Armed Forces to assist civil authorities (foreign or domestic) as they prepare for or respond to crises and relieve suffering.
US Forces conduct these operations to deter war, resolve conflict, promote peace, strengthen democratic processes, retain US influence or access abroad, assist US civil authorities, and support moral and legal imperatives.The Army conducts full spectrum operations to accomplish missions in both war and military operations other than war (MOOTW). Full spectrum operations include offensive, defensive, stability, and support operations. Stability operations and support operations predominate in MOOTW that may include certain small scale contingencies and peacetime military engagement.
Stability Operations promote and protect US national interests by influencing the threat, political, and information dimensions of the operational environment through a combination of peacetime developmental, cooperative activities, and coercive actions in response to crisis.
Support Operations employ Armed Forces to assist civil authorities (foreign or domestic) as they prepare for or respond to crises and relieve suffering.
US Forces conduct these operations to deter war, resolve conflict, promote peace, strengthen democratic processes, retain US influence or access abroad, assist US civil authorities, and support moral and legal imperatives.
5. It is the intent of Congress to provide an Army that is capable of ... Preserving peace and security, and providing for the defense of the US, the Territories, Commonwealths, possessions, and any areas occupied by the US
Supporting the national policies
Implementing the national objectives
Overcoming any nations responsible for aggressive acts that imperil the peace and security of the US Army forces are employed worldwide in stability operations and support operation for two key reasons:
1. Policy and legal basis for such activities exist
2. Army capabilities are often the best choice to meet the requirement
History has shown that stability and support operations are an integral part of the military contribution to those objectives. The Army responds because it can rapidly marshal and apply the required resources and capabilities. The Army has the ability to:
Task Organize
Deploy or be employed
Use logistic systems
Control terrain and influence the population (in the area of operations)
Army forces are employed worldwide in stability operations and support operation for two key reasons:
1. Policy and legal basis for such activities exist
2. Army capabilities are often the best choice to meet the requirement
History has shown that stability and support operations are an integral part of the military contribution to those objectives. The Army responds because it can rapidly marshal and apply the required resources and capabilities. The Army has the ability to:
Task Organize
Deploy or be employed
Use logistic systems
Control terrain and influence the population (in the area of operations)
6. Stability Operations (Ten Broad Types) Peace Operations
Foreign Internal Defense
Security Assistance
Humanitarian and Civic Assistance
Support to Insurgencies Support to Counterdrug Operations
Combating Terrorism
Non-Combatant Evacuation
Arms Control
Show of Force Stability Operations typically fall into ten broad types that are neither discrete nor mutually exclusive.
For example, a force engaged in a peace operation may also find itself conducting arms control or a show of force to shape the conditions for achieving an end state.
1. Peace Operations: Peacekeeping / Peace Enforcement
2. Foreign Internal Defense: Indirect Support / Direct Support / Combat Operations
3. Security Assistance
4. Humanitarian and Civic Assistance
5. Support to Insurgencies: Conventional Combat Actions / Unconventional Warfare
6. Support to Counterdrug Operations: Detection and Monitoring / Host Nation Support / C4 / Intelligence, Planning, Logistic Training and Manpower Support / Reconnaissance
7. Combating Terrorism: Antiterrorism / Counter-terrorism
8. Noncombatant Evacuation
9. Arms Control: Inspection / Protection / Destruction
10. Show of Force: Increased Force Visibility / Exercises and Demonstrations
Stability Operations typically fall into ten broad types that are neither discrete nor mutually exclusive.
For example, a force engaged in a peace operation may also find itself conducting arms control or a show of force to shape the conditions for achieving an end state.
1. Peace Operations: Peacekeeping / Peace Enforcement
2. Foreign Internal Defense: Indirect Support / Direct Support / Combat Operations
3. Security Assistance
4. Humanitarian and Civic Assistance
5. Support to Insurgencies: Conventional Combat Actions / Unconventional Warfare
6. Support to Counterdrug Operations: Detection and Monitoring / Host Nation Support / C4 / Intelligence, Planning, Logistic Training and Manpower Support / Reconnaissance
7. Combating Terrorism: Antiterrorism / Counter-terrorism
8. Noncombatant Evacuation
9. Arms Control: Inspection / Protection / Destruction
10. Show of Force: Increased Force Visibility / Exercises and Demonstrations
7. Support Operations (Two Broad Types) Domestic Support Operations
Foreign Humanitarian Assistance Two types of support operations exist: domestic support (DSO) and foreign humanitarian assistance (FHA). The subordinate forms of these types are
1. Relief Operations
2. Support to WMD Incidents
3. Support to Civil Law Enforcement
4. Community Assistance
DSO are usually conducted after the President declares an emergency - however they can also be conducted under imminently serious conditions. The Army normally responds to domestic emergencies in support of another federal agency.
FHA operations apply Army forces to supplement the efforts of the host nation civil authorities by conducting activities limited in both scope and duration. The Army participates in these unilateral, multinational, or international operations through agencies such as the United Nations.Two types of support operations exist: domestic support (DSO) and foreign humanitarian assistance (FHA). The subordinate forms of these types are
1. Relief Operations
2. Support to WMD Incidents
3. Support to Civil Law Enforcement
4. Community Assistance
DSO are usually conducted after the President declares an emergency - however they can also be conducted under imminently serious conditions. The Army normally responds to domestic emergencies in support of another federal agency.
FHA operations apply Army forces to supplement the efforts of the host nation civil authorities by conducting activities limited in both scope and duration. The Army participates in these unilateral, multinational, or international operations through agencies such as the United Nations.
8. History (1866-1999) Indian Wars
Philippines
Haiti
Germany
Japan
Korea
Lebanon
Dominican Republic
Sinai
Northern Iraq* Cambodia*
Somalia*
Rwanda*
Haiti*
Peru-Ecuador*
East Timor* Stability operations and support operations are not new to the Army and while many of these operations occurred during peacetime, what we now call stability operations and support operations emerged during the 20th century as a major contributor to the overall success of combat operations.
The listed places of operations depicts the increasing frequency of US military involvement and unanticipated contingencies that require stability and support operations.
Indian Wars: 1866-1898 / Philippines: 1898-1913 / Haiti: 1915-1934
Germany: 1945-1959 / Japan: 1945-1952 / Korea: 1953-1954
Lebanon: 1958, 1982-1984 / Dominican Republic: 1965 / Sinai: 1979-Present
Northern Iraq: 1991-1992 / Cambodia: 1992-1993 / Somalia: 1992-1994
Rwanda: 1993-1994 / Haiti: 1995-1999 / Peru-Ecuador: 1995-1999
East Timor: 1999-Present / UN Peacekeeping missions: 1948-Present
The current strategic environment is complex, dynamic, and uncertain. The demands that will be placed on the Army to conduct operations in this century, 21st, will be even greater than ever.
Stability operations and support operations are not new to the Army and while many of these operations occurred during peacetime, what we now call stability operations and support operations emerged during the 20th century as a major contributor to the overall success of combat operations.
The listed places of operations depicts the increasing frequency of US military involvement and unanticipated contingencies that require stability and support operations.
Indian Wars: 1866-1898 / Philippines: 1898-1913 / Haiti: 1915-1934
Germany: 1945-1959 / Japan: 1945-1952 / Korea: 1953-1954
Lebanon: 1958, 1982-1984 / Dominican Republic: 1965 / Sinai: 1979-Present
Northern Iraq: 1991-1992 / Cambodia: 1992-1993 / Somalia: 1992-1994
Rwanda: 1993-1994 / Haiti: 1995-1999 / Peru-Ecuador: 1995-1999
East Timor: 1999-Present / UN Peacekeeping missions: 1948-Present
The current strategic environment is complex, dynamic, and uncertain. The demands that will be placed on the Army to conduct operations in this century, 21st, will be even greater than ever.
9. Current Operations Sinai (MFO): 1982-?
Kuwait (Southern Watch): 1991-?
Macedonia: 1992-?
Croatia (Provide Promise): 1992-?
Kuwait (Vigilant Warrior): 1994-?
Haiti: 1994-?
Bosnia: 1995-?
Kosovo: 1999-? Many modern and current conflicts do not directly affect the interests of the US, however, others affect US humanitarian interests, safety of US citizens, and the stability necessary to sustain democratic government. Elements of instability can help in determining the situation.
Balance of Power - shifting and unstable power balances threaten to engage the vital interests of the US.
Nationalism - nationalist movements arise from the belief that nations benefit from acting independently rather than collectively, emphasizing national rather than international goals.
Clash of Cultures - rejection of Western political and cultural values
Demographics - population growth strains the resources and social structures of the state affected.
Ungovernability - the ability of governments to govern effectively is being eroded in much of the world (immature government infrastructures/organized crime).
Environmental Risks - natural disasters and changes in climate can ruin the regions economy and send the populace across borders / refugees.
Propaganda - used to control public opinion or awareness
Many modern and current conflicts do not directly affect the interests of the US, however, others affect US humanitarian interests, safety of US citizens, and the stability necessary to sustain democratic government. Elements of instability can help in determining the situation.
Balance of Power - shifting and unstable power balances threaten to engage the vital interests of the US.
Nationalism - nationalist movements arise from the belief that nations benefit from acting independently rather than collectively, emphasizing national rather than international goals.
Clash of Cultures - rejection of Western political and cultural values
Demographics - population growth strains the resources and social structures of the state affected.
Ungovernability - the ability of governments to govern effectively is being eroded in much of the world (immature government infrastructures/organized crime).
Environmental Risks - natural disasters and changes in climate can ruin the regions economy and send the populace across borders / refugees.
Propaganda - used to control public opinion or awareness
10. Stability Operations Title Section to divide Stability Operations and Support Operations Sections of information.Title Section to divide Stability Operations and Support Operations Sections of information.
11. Planning Considerations Commanders plan for stability operations and support operations in a similar manner as they plan for the offense and defense.
The following is a list of considerations that need to be addressed when planning for such operations.
Maneuver - transition to combat operations, combat support, combat service support, freedom of movement, and adequate reserves
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance - human intelligence, counter-intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, priority intelligence requirements, non-traditional databases, monitoring targets, intelligence synchronization, split-based operations, and mapping
Commanders plan for stability operations and support operations in a similar manner as they plan for the offense and defense.
The following is a list of considerations that need to be addressed when planning for such operations.
Maneuver - transition to combat operations, combat support, combat service support, freedom of movement, and adequate reserves
Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance - human intelligence, counter-intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, priority intelligence requirements, non-traditional databases, monitoring targets, intelligence synchronization, split-based operations, and mapping
12. Planning Considerations Commanders plan for stability operations and support operations in a similar manner as they plan for the offense and defense.
The following are the continuing considerations that need to be addressed when planning for such operations.
Fire Support - lethal and non-lethal capabilities
Air Defense - passive and active defense measures
Mobility/Counter-mobility/Survivability - combat engineer support, combat support, combat service support, general engineer support, and chemical unitsCommanders plan for stability operations and support operations in a similar manner as they plan for the offense and defense.
The following are the continuing considerations that need to be addressed when planning for such operations.
Fire Support - lethal and non-lethal capabilities
Air Defense - passive and active defense measures
Mobility/Counter-mobility/Survivability - combat engineer support, combat support, combat service support, general engineer support, and chemical units
13. Planning Considerations Commanders plan for stability operations and support operations in a similar manner as they plan for the offense and defense.
The following are the continuing considerations that need to be addressed when planning for such operations.
Logistics and Combat Service Support - nonstandard logistics, CSS to other agencies, combat health support, and resource management
Command and Control - command relationships and information management
Other considerations - mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops, time, and civilians (METT-TC), civil military operations, force protection, information operations, deployment, and redeploymentCommanders plan for stability operations and support operations in a similar manner as they plan for the offense and defense.
The following are the continuing considerations that need to be addressed when planning for such operations.
Logistics and Combat Service Support - nonstandard logistics, CSS to other agencies, combat health support, and resource management
Command and Control - command relationships and information management
Other considerations - mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops, time, and civilians (METT-TC), civil military operations, force protection, information operations, deployment, and redeployment
14. Foreign Internal Defense Categories
Indirect Support - military exchange programs, joint and multinational exercises, security assistance
Direct Support - civil military operations, intelligence and communications sharing, logistics support
Combat Operations - temporary solution until HN forces can stabilize
Counterinsurgency
HN Security Force Operations - protect / isolate the populations from insurgents and/or neutralize / defeat the guerrilla forces
The Role of the US Army - centers on administering and execute security assistance programs
Planning Considerations Foreign Internal Defense (FID) is a primary program used to support friendly nations operating in or threatened with potential hostilities. FID promotes regional stability by supporting a host nation program of internal defense and development.
Ideally this program will incorporate all elements in a synergistic manner that best supports both HN requirements and US national policy and interests.
Categories: The military plays an important role supporting role in the FID programs. It should be noted that the following categories can occur simultaneously.
Indirect Support - military exchange programs, joint and multinational exercises, security assistance
Direct Support - civil military operations, intelligence and communications sharing, logistics support
Combat Operations - temporary solution until HN forces can stabilize
Counterinsurgency: actions taken by a government to defeat an organized movement aimed to overthrow a constituted government through subversion and armed conflict.
HN Security Force Operations - protect or isolate the populations from insurgents and/or neutralize, defeat the guerrilla forces
The Role of the US Army - centers on administering and execute security assistance programs
Planning Considerations: must consider the long-term or strategic effects of all US assistance efforts before implementing FID programs.Foreign Internal Defense (FID) is a primary program used to support friendly nations operating in or threatened with potential hostilities. FID promotes regional stability by supporting a host nation program of internal defense and development.
Ideally this program will incorporate all elements in a synergistic manner that best supports both HN requirements and US national policy and interests.
Categories: The military plays an important role supporting role in the FID programs. It should be noted that the following categories can occur simultaneously.
Indirect Support - military exchange programs, joint and multinational exercises, security assistance
Direct Support - civil military operations, intelligence and communications sharing, logistics support
Combat Operations - temporary solution until HN forces can stabilize
Counterinsurgency: actions taken by a government to defeat an organized movement aimed to overthrow a constituted government through subversion and armed conflict.
HN Security Force Operations - protect or isolate the populations from insurgents and/or neutralize, defeat the guerrilla forces
The Role of the US Army - centers on administering and execute security assistance programs
Planning Considerations: must consider the long-term or strategic effects of all US assistance efforts before implementing FID programs.
15. There is another type of warfare - new in its intensity, ancient in its origin - war by guerrillas, subversives, insurgents, assassins; war by ambush instead of by combat, by infiltration instead of aggression, seeking victory by eroding and exhausting the enemy instead of engaging him It prays on unrest Our forces, therefore, must fulfill a broader role, as a complement to our diplomacy, as an army of our diplomacy, as a deterrent to our adversaries, and as a symbol to our allies of our determination to support them. John F. Kennedy The quote by John F. Kennedy found in FM 3-07, page 3-4, plays on the role of the US in FID.
There is another type of warfare - new in its intensity, ancient in its origin - war by guerrillas, subversives, insurgents, assassins; war by ambush instead of by combat, by infiltration instead of aggression, seeking victory by eroding and exhausting the enemy instead of engaging him It prays on unrest Our forces, therefore, must fulfill a broader role, as a complement to our diplomacy, as an army of our diplomacy, as a deterrent to our adversaries, and as a symbol to our allies of our determination to support them.The quote by John F. Kennedy found in FM 3-07, page 3-4, plays on the role of the US in FID.
There is another type of warfare - new in its intensity, ancient in its origin - war by guerrillas, subversives, insurgents, assassins; war by ambush instead of by combat, by infiltration instead of aggression, seeking victory by eroding and exhausting the enemy instead of engaging him It prays on unrest
16. Peace Operations Forms of Peace Operations
Peacekeeping
Peace Enforcement
Operations in Support of Diplomatic Efforts
Concept of Employment
Fundamentals of Peace Operations
Command and Control
Intelligence
Information Operations
Civil Law and Order
Logistics
Force Protection With the Cold Wars end, the threat of global war has become distant, but it has also brought increasing regional instability - along with opportunities to promote peace, prosperity, and enhance cooperation among nations.
The challenges to global and regional stability have compelled the international community to increasingly call on military forces to prevent or end conflicts.
These categories are the backbone of peace operations:
Peacekeeping, Peace Enforcement, Operations in Support of Diplomatic Efforts, Concept of Employment, Fundamentals of Peace Operations, Command and Control, Intelligence, Information Operations, Civil Law and Order, Logistics, and Force Protection
With the Cold Wars end, the threat of global war has become distant, but it has also brought increasing regional instability - along with opportunities to promote peace, prosperity, and enhance cooperation among nations.
The challenges to global and regional stability have compelled the international community to increasingly call on military forces to prevent or end conflicts.
These categories are the backbone of peace operations:
Peacekeeping, Peace Enforcement, Operations in Support of Diplomatic Efforts, Concept of Employment, Fundamentals of Peace Operations, Command and Control, Intelligence, Information Operations, Civil Law and Order, Logistics, and Force Protection
17. Peace Operations The broad term peace operations encompasses peacekeeping operations and peace enforcement operations conducted in support of diplomatic efforts to establish and maintain peace.
The US Army will participate in PO, either as part of a UN, NATO, multinational force, or unilaterally. The broad term peace operations encompasses peacekeeping operations and peace enforcement operations conducted in support of diplomatic efforts to establish and maintain peace.
The US Army will participate in PO, either as part of a UN, NATO, multinational force, or unilaterally. However, unilateral employment is the least prevalent option; the US usually prefers the enhanced legitimacy of a multinational force.
These operations are multi-agency operations involving diplomatic and humanitarian agencies with the military in support to prevent, control, and contain a complex emergency; redress the peace; or shape the environment to support reconciliation and rebuilding.The broad term peace operations encompasses peacekeeping operations and peace enforcement operations conducted in support of diplomatic efforts to establish and maintain peace.
The US Army will participate in PO, either as part of a UN, NATO, multinational force, or unilaterally. However, unilateral employment is the least prevalent option; the US usually prefers the enhanced legitimacy of a multinational force.
These operations are multi-agency operations involving diplomatic and humanitarian agencies with the military in support to prevent, control, and contain a complex emergency; redress the peace; or shape the environment to support reconciliation and rebuilding.
18. Peacekeeping Observation Missions - primarily performed by unarmed military observers
observing, monitoring, verifying, and reporting any alleged violation of the governing agreements
investigation alleged cease-fire violations, boundary incidents, and complaints
conducting regular liaison visits within the operational area
verifying the storage or destruction of certain categories of military equipment specified in the relevant agreements Observation missions are primarily performed by unarmed military observers but may also be performed by peacekeeping forces. UN observer groups may also use civilian personnel or police as observers. Here is a list of possible missions:
a. observing, monitoring, verifying, and reporting any alleged violation of the governing agreements
b. investigation alleged cease-fire violations, boundary incidents, and complaints
c. conducting regular liaison visits within the operational area
d. verifying the storage or destruction of certain categories of military equipment specified in the relevant agreementsObservation missions are primarily performed by unarmed military observers but may also be performed by peacekeeping forces. UN observer groups may also use civilian personnel or police as observers. Here is a list of possible missions:
a. observing, monitoring, verifying, and reporting any alleged violation of the governing agreements
b. investigation alleged cease-fire violations, boundary incidents, and complaints
c. conducting regular liaison visits within the operational area
d. verifying the storage or destruction of certain categories of military equipment specified in the relevant agreements
19. Peacekeeping Supervision and Assistance - lightly armed forces
supervising cease-fires
supervising disengagement's and withdrawals
supervising prisoner of war exchanges
assisting civil authorities
providing military support to elections
assisting in the maintenance of public order
assisting in foreign humanitarian assistance operations Lightly armed forces normally perform supervision and assistance missions. The force undertaking these tasks requires large service support organizations, equipment, and finances.
The following tasks may be performed when they are within the scope of the military mission, support the desired end state, and are authorized by appropriate authority:
a. supervising cease-fires
b. supervising disengagement's and withdrawals
c. supervising prisoner of war exchanges
d. assisting civil authorities
e. providing military support to elections
f. assisting in the maintenance of public order
g. assisting in foreign humanitarian assistance operationsLightly armed forces normally perform supervision and assistance missions. The force undertaking these tasks requires large service support organizations, equipment, and finances.
The following tasks may be performed when they are within the scope of the military mission, support the desired end state, and are authorized by appropriate authority:
a. supervising cease-fires
b. supervising disengagement's and withdrawals
c. supervising prisoner of war exchanges
d. assisting civil authorities
e. providing military support to elections
f. assisting in the maintenance of public order
g. assisting in foreign humanitarian assistance operations
20. Peace Enforcement Normally conducted in several phases
Phase I
insertion of rapid deployable combat forces to establish a significant and visible military presence
Subsequent Phases
stabilizing the area and transitioning from a military presence to support for the development of a competent civil authority Peace enforcement (PE) is the application of military force or the threat of its use, normally pursuant to international authorization, to compile compliance with resolutions or sanctions designed to maintain or restore peace and order.
The forces employed for such operations will be armed and equipped based on commanders estimates and the factors of METT-TC.
PE operations are normally conducted in several phases:
Phase I - insertion of rapid deployable combat forces to establish a significant and visible military presence
Subsequent Phases - stabilizing the area and transitioning from a military presence to support for the development of a competent civil authorityPeace enforcement (PE) is the application of military force or the threat of its use, normally pursuant to international authorization, to compile compliance with resolutions or sanctions designed to maintain or restore peace and order.
The forces employed for such operations will be armed and equipped based on commanders estimates and the factors of METT-TC.
PE operations are normally conducted in several phases:
Phase I - insertion of rapid deployable combat forces to establish a significant and visible military presence
Subsequent Phases - stabilizing the area and transitioning from a military presence to support for the development of a competent civil authority
21. Peace Enforcement (subordinate operations) Forcible Separation of Belligerents
separate belligerents
disarm belligerents
demobilization
internment/resettlement operations
Establishment and Supervision of Protected Areas
demilitarize areas that may contain residents, refugees, or displaced persons Forcible separation of belligerents - this eruption poses the highest risk of any PE subordinate operations and involves:
a. separating belligerents
b. disarming belligerents
c. demobilization
d. internment/resettlement operations
Establishment and Supervision of Protected Areas- demilitarize areas that may contain residents, refugees, or displaced personsForcible separation of belligerents - this eruption poses the highest risk of any PE subordinate operations and involves:
a. separating belligerents
b. disarming belligerents
c. demobilization
d. internment/resettlement operations
Establishment and Supervision of Protected Areas- demilitarize areas that may contain residents, refugees, or displaced persons
22. Peace Enforcement (subordinate operations) Sanction and Exclusion Zone Enforcement
Movement Denial and Guarantee
Restoration and Maintenance of Order
Protection of Humanitarian Assistance The following are more subordinate categories of peace enforcement.
A. Sanction and Exclusion Zone Enforcement - enforcement of sanctions include a broad range and have traditionally been considered acts of war, even though endorsed by the UN Security Council and commanders should posture their forces accordingly.
B. Movement Denial and Guarantee - forces may be authorized to use force to prevent unauthorized movement of military forces instead of merely to observing and reporting activity. Forces guarantee transit rights of noncombatants, NGOs, or other groups through their controlling presence and deterrence.
C. Restoration and Maintenance of Order - conducted to halt violence and to support, reinstate, or establish civil authorities.
D. Protection of Humanitarian Assistance -may be tasked to provide protection for humanitarian assistance, to include protection of NGOs.The following are more subordinate categories of peace enforcement.
A. Sanction and Exclusion Zone Enforcement - enforcement of sanctions include a broad range and have traditionally been considered acts of war, even though endorsed by the UN Security Council and commanders should posture their forces accordingly.
B. Movement Denial and Guarantee - forces may be authorized to use force to prevent unauthorized movement of military forces instead of merely to observing and reporting activity. Forces guarantee transit rights of noncombatants, NGOs, or other groups through their controlling presence and deterrence.
C. Restoration and Maintenance of Order - conducted to halt violence and to support, reinstate, or establish civil authorities.
D. Protection of Humanitarian Assistance -may be tasked to provide protection for humanitarian assistance, to include protection of NGOs.
23. Operations in Support of Diplomatic Efforts Preventive diplomacy
Peacemaking
Peace building Military support of diplomatic efforts improves the chances for success in the peace process by lending credibility to diplomatic actions and demonstrating resolve to achieve viable political settlements.
While these activities are primarily the responsibility of civilian agencies, the Army forces may support diplomatic initiatives such as preventive diplomacy, peacemaking, and peace building.
Preventive diplomacy consists of diplomatic actions taken in advance of a predictable crisis to prevent or limit violence.
Peacemaking is a process of diplomacy, mediation, negotiation, or other forms of peaceful settlement.
Peace-building consists of post-conflict actions, predominately diplomatic and economic, that strengthen and rebuild government infrastructure and institutions in order to avoid a relapse into conflict.Military support of diplomatic efforts improves the chances for success in the peace process by lending credibility to diplomatic actions and demonstrating resolve to achieve viable political settlements.
While these activities are primarily the responsibility of civilian agencies, the Army forces may support diplomatic initiatives such as preventive diplomacy, peacemaking, and peace building.
Preventive diplomacy consists of diplomatic actions taken in advance of a predictable crisis to prevent or limit violence.
Peacemaking is a process of diplomacy, mediation, negotiation, or other forms of peaceful settlement.
Peace-building consists of post-conflict actions, predominately diplomatic and economic, that strengthen and rebuild government infrastructure and institutions in order to avoid a relapse into conflict.
24. Concept of Employment Complex contingencies do not spring up overnight. Identify the early symptoms and attempt resolution, usually before the situation attracts the attention of the international media
Complex contingencies do not spring up overnight. In the case of humanitarian crises, various organizations including governmental and non-governmental organizations will identify the early symptoms and attempt resolution, usually before the situation attracts the attention of the international media.
The military objective is to create the conditions for other political, economic, and humanitarian peace building activities to achieve the political objective stated in the mandate and to transition from involvement.
Complex contingencies do not spring up overnight. In the case of humanitarian crises, various organizations including governmental and non-governmental organizations will identify the early symptoms and attempt resolution, usually before the situation attracts the attention of the international media.
The military objective is to create the conditions for other political, economic, and humanitarian peace building activities to achieve the political objective stated in the mandate and to transition from involvement.
25. Fundamentals of Peace Operations Consent
Impartiality
Transparency
Restraint
Credibility
Freedom of Movement
Flexibility
Civil-Military Operations
Legitimacy
Perseverance
The following fundamentals apply specifically to peace operations. Commanders and participants should understand these concepts as they conduct peace operations: Consent, Impartiality, Transparency, Restraint, Credibility, Freedom of Movement, Flexibility, Civil-Military Operations, Legitimacy, Perseverance.
Although restraint, legitimacy, and perseverance are all elements of the principles of war, they have particular significance in peace operations.
1. The level of consent determines fundamentals of the operation; one side may consent the other may not. Commanders should seek ways to promote consent by making the parties shareholders in the peace process.
2. Impartiality requires the PO force to act on behalf of the peace process and mandate, and not show preference for any faction over another.
3. Transparency means that the PO force must communicate its intentions and capabilities to all audiences.
4. Restraint is an exercise in the prudent and appropriate application of military capability; restraints on weaponry, tactics, and levels of violence characterize the environment of PO.
5. Credibility reflects the warring factions assessment of the capability of the PO force to accomplish its mission.
6. Freedom of movement equates to maintaining the initiative, as amplified in the mandate, no restrictions are allowed against the movement of the peace force or of the civilian population.
7. The complex multinational and interagency environment in which US forces conduct PO require commanders at all levels to place a premium on initiative and flexibility.
8. Civil-Military Operations have always interacted with each other and they help harmonize civilian and military activities to maximize the use of resources designed to redress the deprivation and suffering of the people.
9. Legitimacy is required to sustain the willing acceptance by the people of the right of the government (or group) to govern or make and carry out decisions.
10. Perseverance requires an information strategy that clearly explains the goals, objectives, and desired end states and links them with US interests and concerns.
The following fundamentals apply specifically to peace operations. Commanders and participants should understand these concepts as they conduct peace operations: Consent, Impartiality, Transparency, Restraint, Credibility, Freedom of Movement, Flexibility, Civil-Military Operations, Legitimacy, Perseverance.
Although restraint, legitimacy, and perseverance are all elements of the principles of war, they have particular significance in peace operations.
1. The level of consent determines fundamentals of the operation; one side may consent the other may not. Commanders should seek ways to promote consent by making the parties shareholders in the peace process.
2. Impartiality requires the PO force to act on behalf of the peace process and mandate, and not show preference for any faction over another.
3. Transparency means that the PO force must communicate its intentions and capabilities to all audiences.
4. Restraint is an exercise in the prudent and appropriate application of military capability; restraints on weaponry, tactics, and levels of violence characterize the environment of PO.
5. Credibility reflects the warring factions assessment of the capability of the PO force to accomplish its mission.
6. Freedom of movement equates to maintaining the initiative, as amplified in the mandate, no restrictions are allowed against the movement of the peace force or of the civilian population.
7. The complex multinational and interagency environment in which US forces conduct PO require commanders at all levels to place a premium on initiative and flexibility.
8. Civil-Military Operations have always interacted with each other and they help harmonize civilian and military activities to maximize the use of resources designed to redress the deprivation and suffering of the people.
9. Legitimacy is required to sustain the willing acceptance by the people of the right of the government (or group) to govern or make and carry out decisions.
10. Perseverance requires an information strategy that clearly explains the goals, objectives, and desired end states and links them with US interests and concerns.
26. Command and Control Command Relations
Coordination US military forces will normally operate as party of a multinational peace force and the preferred command relationship in PEO is lead nation or lead alliance; providing the peace force commander with the maximum control of forces where the risk may be high.
Coordinated plans are essential for success in all PO and provide the civil-military interface that synchronizes the efforts of the various agencies assisting the peace process; whether objectives are humanitarian, political, or military, synchronization of effort is essential.
US military forces will normally operate as party of a multinational peace force and the preferred command relationship in PEO is lead nation or lead alliance; providing the peace force commander with the maximum control of forces where the risk may be high.
Coordinated plans are essential for success in all PO and provide the civil-military interface that synchronizes the efforts of the various agencies assisting the peace process; whether objectives are humanitarian, political, or military, synchronization of effort is essential.
27. Intelligence Human Intelligence
Intelligence synchronization
Tactical tailoring
Broadcast dissemination
Functions
Indications and Warning
Preparation of the Battlefield
Situational Development
Targeting and target Development
Support for Force Protection Intelligence collection and productions is challenging in peace operations. The situation in the AO often reflects a convoluted historical process and the area may be remote. Several principles contribute to the success of intelligence support to peace operations:
Human Intelligence is the dominant discipline; collecting against all participants, to support not only the military operation but also the political process in which the military is involved.
Intelligence synchronization takes a broader dimension; considering multinational participants, many of whom do not have information sharing agreements with the US.
Intelligence architecture must be task organized and the tactical commander of PO needs the intelligence to the tactical level.
Broadcast dissemination is PO facilitates the push of information to commanders in the field; encompassing the various coalition command, control, communication, and intelligence guidelines.
Intelligence Functions fall into five different categories:
Indications and warning - monitoring potential situations that would change or alter the mandate of the forces.
Intelligence preparation of the battlefield - a continuous process that gathers information on areas in which a unit might be required to operate.
Situational development - the effort will be long term; predictive intelligence ensures that operations continue and initiative is sustained.
Targeting and target development - targets can include civil and military leaders who control or influence the local population or the assets that these leaders use to achieve their ends.
Support for Force Protection - early coordination for intelligence support to protect the force should be conducted with allies, partners, and the host nation.
Intelligence collection and productions is challenging in peace operations. The situation in the AO often reflects a convoluted historical process and the area may be remote. Several principles contribute to the success of intelligence support to peace operations:
Human Intelligence is the dominant discipline; collecting against all participants, to support not only the military operation but also the political process in which the military is involved.
Intelligence synchronization takes a broader dimension; considering multinational participants, many of whom do not have information sharing agreements with the US.
Intelligence architecture must be task organized and the tactical commander of PO needs the intelligence to the tactical level.
Broadcast dissemination is PO facilitates the push of information to commanders in the field; encompassing the various coalition command, control, communication, and intelligence guidelines.
Intelligence Functions fall into five different categories:
Indications and warning - monitoring potential situations that would change or alter the mandate of the forces.
Intelligence preparation of the battlefield - a continuous process that gathers information on areas in which a unit might be required to operate.
Situational development - the effort will be long term; predictive intelligence ensures that operations continue and initiative is sustained.
Targeting and target development - targets can include civil and military leaders who control or influence the local population or the assets that these leaders use to achieve their ends.
Support for Force Protection - early coordination for intelligence support to protect the force should be conducted with allies, partners, and the host nation.
28. Information Operations Nature and Fundamentals
The commander takes the lead
Support IO with intelligence
Establish and sustain an integrated team approach
Anticipate and respond with speed, accuracy, and truth
Involve every soldier
Maintain transparency
Gain and maintain access to the information environment
Prepare for IO before development Offensive IO and the related activities of public affairs and CMO strengthen both consent and the legitimacy of the operation through the fundamental of transparency. Information is the peace operations commanders primary means to influence groups of people to change attitudes and behavior.
Commanders set the tone and drive the operation; taking the lead. The commanders must make this their personal focus so that the entire force can speak with one voice.
The IO planner will require such products as nodal and link analysis based on accurate and up-to-date intelligence.
Successful IO requires synchronizing all participants involved in the peace process; including nonmilitary agencies.
Timing is essential in shaping perceptions. The public affairs officer must know operations as they unfold and release information when possible.
Remember that every soldier is an ambassador and the more they influence populations, the better; ensure they understand the operation and can articulate it well.
Always disseminate relevant information, including bad news and mistakes; supporting the legitimacy of the operation.
Gain and maintain access to the information environment through websites or direct association with the media.
Army forces should not wait until they receive deployment orders to begin to address the informational aspects of the operating and hope to gain the initiative.Offensive IO and the related activities of public affairs and CMO strengthen both consent and the legitimacy of the operation through the fundamental of transparency. Information is the peace operations commanders primary means to influence groups of people to change attitudes and behavior.
Commanders set the tone and drive the operation; taking the lead. The commanders must make this their personal focus so that the entire force can speak with one voice.
The IO planner will require such products as nodal and link analysis based on accurate and up-to-date intelligence.
Successful IO requires synchronizing all participants involved in the peace process; including nonmilitary agencies.
Timing is essential in shaping perceptions. The public affairs officer must know operations as they unfold and release information when possible.
Remember that every soldier is an ambassador and the more they influence populations, the better; ensure they understand the operation and can articulate it well.
Always disseminate relevant information, including bad news and mistakes; supporting the legitimacy of the operation.
Gain and maintain access to the information environment through websites or direct association with the media.
Army forces should not wait until they receive deployment orders to begin to address the informational aspects of the operating and hope to gain the initiative.
29. Civil Law and Order Police - the HN or responsible international authority requests introducing civilian police and establishing a police training element
Judiciary - assist in establishing a workable judicial system with JAG and CA support
Penal - establish and run temporary confinement facilities until civilian agencies take the lead; if necessary
War Crimes and Criminals - US forces apply the principles and spirit of the law of war to the extent practical and feasible; even when the state of war does not exist The rule of law is fundamental to peace and stability; a safe and secure environment maintained by a civilian law enforcement system must exist and operate in accordance with internationally recognized standards.
The Army may be required to provide limited support through the following avenues:
Police - the HN or responsible international authority requests introducing civilian police and establishing a police training element
Judiciary - assist in establishing a workable judicial system with JAG and CA support
Penal - establish and run temporary confinement facilities until civilian agencies take the lead; if necessary
War Crimes and Criminals - US forces apply the principles and spirit of the law of war to the extent practical and feasible; even when the state of war does not exist
The rule of law is fundamental to peace and stability; a safe and secure environment maintained by a civilian law enforcement system must exist and operate in accordance with internationally recognized standards.
The Army may be required to provide limited support through the following avenues:
Police - the HN or responsible international authority requests introducing civilian police and establishing a police training element
Judiciary - assist in establishing a workable judicial system with JAG and CA support
Penal - establish and run temporary confinement facilities until civilian agencies take the lead; if necessary
War Crimes and Criminals - US forces apply the principles and spirit of the law of war to the extent practical and feasible; even when the state of war does not exist
30. Logistics
Rapid C2 and logistics planning capability
Strategic and tactical airlift
Emergency infrastructure repair support (port, airfield, road) Force Protection
Consistent with the risk assessment
Maintaining neutrality and transparency in operations enhances force protection The US military has the following capabilities that are frequently requested in support of PO:
Rapid (Command and Control) C2 and logistics planning capability
Strategic and tactical airlift
Emergency infrastructure repair support (port, airfield, road)
Force Protection measures directly relate to mission accomplishment and in PO, they should be:
Consistent with the risk assessment, but they should not be excessive
Maintaining neutrality and transparency in operations enhances force protectionThe US military has the following capabilities that are frequently requested in support of PO:
Rapid (Command and Control) C2 and logistics planning capability
Strategic and tactical airlift
Emergency infrastructure repair support (port, airfield, road)
Force Protection measures directly relate to mission accomplishment and in PO, they should be:
Consistent with the risk assessment, but they should not be excessive
Maintaining neutrality and transparency in operations enhances force protection
31. Additional Stability Operations Security assistance - Equipment, Services, & Training, Types of programs assisted, and Agencies & Organizations
Humanitarian and Civic Assistance - medical, construction of rudimentary surface transportation systems, well drilling, etc.
Support to Insurgency - recruiting, organizing, training, linkups, subversion, sabotage
Support to Counterdrug Operations - detection and monitoring, host nation support, command, control, reconnaissance
Combating Terrorism - counter-terrorism and antiterrorism
Noncombatant Evacuation Operations - such as Grenada (Operation Urgent Fury) 1983; getting evacuees to safehavens
Arms Control - overarching goal is to prevent or deter war
Show of Force - permanent forward deployment or military forces, combined training exercises, increase in readiness status Chapter five discusses stability operations that the manual does not fully address. Several operations may involve Army units or individuals but are not tactical tasks, however forces participate in them to the support of national or strategic objectives.
Security assistance - Equipment, Services, and Training, Types of programs assisted, and Agencies & Organizations
Humanitarian and Civic Assistance - medical, construction of rudimentary surface transportation systems, well drilling, etc.
Support to Insurgency - recruiting, organizing, training, linkups, subversion, sabotage
Support to Counterdrug Operations - detection and monitoring, host nation support, command, control, reconnaissance
Combating Terrorism - counter-terrorism and antiterrorism
Noncombatant Evacuation Operations - such as Grenada (Operation Urgent Fury) 1983; getting evacuees to safehavens
Arms Control - overarching goal is to prevent or deter war
Show of Force - permanent forward deployment or military forces, combined training exercises, increase in readiness statusChapter five discusses stability operations that the manual does not fully address. Several operations may involve Army units or individuals but are not tactical tasks, however forces participate in them to the support of national or strategic objectives.
Security assistance - Equipment, Services, and Training, Types of programs assisted, and Agencies & Organizations
Humanitarian and Civic Assistance - medical, construction of rudimentary surface transportation systems, well drilling, etc.
Support to Insurgency - recruiting, organizing, training, linkups, subversion, sabotage
Support to Counterdrug Operations - detection and monitoring, host nation support, command, control, reconnaissance
Combating Terrorism - counter-terrorism and antiterrorism
Noncombatant Evacuation Operations - such as Grenada (Operation Urgent Fury) 1983; getting evacuees to safehavens
Arms Control - overarching goal is to prevent or deter war
Show of Force - permanent forward deployment or military forces, combined training exercises, increase in readiness status
32. Support Operations Title Section to divide Stability Operations and Support Operations Sections of information.
Title Section to divide Stability Operations and Support Operations Sections of information.
33. Support Operations Domestic Support Operations
Foreign Humanitarian Assistance
Forms of Support Operations In support operations, Army forces provide essential services, assets, or specialized resources to help civil authorities deal with situations beyond their capabilities. Support operations usually involve actions that help civil authorities or NGOs provide required direct support to the affected population such as:
Domestic Support Operations
Foreign Humanitarian Assistance
Forms of Support Operations
In support operations, Army forces provide essential services, assets, or specialized resources to help civil authorities deal with situations beyond their capabilities. Support operations usually involve actions that help civil authorities or NGOs provide required direct support to the affected population such as:
Domestic Support Operations
Foreign Humanitarian Assistance
Forms of Support Operations
34. Domestic Support Operations Domestic Emergencies - affect the public welfare and occur within the 50 states or US possessions and territories
Roles and Responsibilities - Secretary of Defense retains approval authority for support to civil authorities
Federal Response Plan - President declares a major disaster Domestic support operations encompass emergencies, roles and responsibilities of the approval authority, and the federal response plan. The military assistance to civil authorities directive is wide ranging, addresses responses to both natural and man-made disasters, and includes military assistance to civil disturbances, Counterdrug activities, combating terrorism and law enforcement.
Domestic Emergencies affect the public welfare and occur within the 50 states or US possessions and territories.
Roles and Responsibilities - Secretary of Defense retains approval authority for support to civil authorities.
Federal Response Plan - President declares a major disaster.
Domestic support operations encompass emergencies, roles and responsibilities of the approval authority, and the federal response plan. The military assistance to civil authorities directive is wide ranging, addresses responses to both natural and man-made disasters, and includes military assistance to civil disturbances, Counterdrug activities, combating terrorism and law enforcement.
Domestic Emergencies affect the public welfare and occur within the 50 states or US possessions and territories.
Roles and Responsibilities - Secretary of Defense retains approval authority for support to civil authorities.
Federal Response Plan - President declares a major disaster.
35. Foreign Humanitarian Assistance Conducted to relieve or reduce the results of natural or manmade disasters or other endemic conditions such as human suffering, disease, or privation that might present a serious threat to life or that can result in great damage to or loss of property Foreign humanitarian assistance operations are conducted to relieve or reduce the results of natural or manmade disasters or other endemic conditions such as human suffering, disease, or privation that might present a serious threat to life or that can result in great damage to or loss of property.Foreign humanitarian assistance operations are conducted to relieve or reduce the results of natural or manmade disasters or other endemic conditions such as human suffering, disease, or privation that might present a serious threat to life or that can result in great damage to or loss of property.
36. Forms of Support Operations Relief Operations - respond to and mitigate the effects of natural or manmade disasters
Support to domestic CBRNE consequence management - assist local authorities
Support to civil law enforcement - counter-terrorism, counter-drug operations, civil disturbance
Community Assistance - apply needed assets to the needs and interests of America and local communities The forms of support operation are relief operations, support CBRNE consequence management, support to civil law enforcement, and community assistance. These forms may occur in both foreign and domestic operations.
Relief Operations - respond to and mitigate the effects of natural or manmade disasters
Support to domestic Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and high-end Explosive (CBRNE) consequence management - assist local authorities
Support to civil law enforcement - counter-terrorism, counter-drug operations, civil disturbance
Community Assistance - apply needed assets to the needs and interests of America and local communities
The forms of support operation are relief operations, support CBRNE consequence management, support to civil law enforcement, and community assistance. These forms may occur in both foreign and domestic operations.
Relief Operations - respond to and mitigate the effects of natural or manmade disasters
Support to domestic Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and high-end Explosive (CBRNE) consequence management - assist local authorities
Support to civil law enforcement - counter-terrorism, counter-drug operations, civil disturbance
Community Assistance - apply needed assets to the needs and interests of America and local communities
37. FM 3-07 Annexes A. Interagency Coordination
B. The Law in SASO
C. Rules of Engagement
D. Characteristics of Insurgency
E. Negotiation
F. Refugees and Displaced Persons
FM 3-07 Annexes Title Slide
A. Interagency Coordination
B. The Law in SASO
C. Rules of Engagement
D. Characteristics of Insurgency
E. Negotiation
F. Refugees and Displaced Persons
FM 3-07 Annexes Title Slide
A. Interagency Coordination
B. The Law in SASO
C. Rules of Engagement
D. Characteristics of Insurgency
E. Negotiation
F. Refugees and Displaced Persons
38. Interagency Coordination US Armed Forces as a whole, must be multi-mission capable; interoperable among all elements of US Services and selected foreign militaries; and able to coordinate operations with other agencies of government and some civil institutions. Interagency Coordination: US Armed Forces as a whole, must be multi-mission capable; interoperable among all elements of US Services and selected foreign militaries; and able to coordinate operations with other agencies of government and some civil institutions.Interagency Coordination: US Armed Forces as a whole, must be multi-mission capable; interoperable among all elements of US Services and selected foreign militaries; and able to coordinate operations with other agencies of government and some civil institutions.
39. Interagency Coordination National Level - The National Security Council (NSC) advises and assists the President in integrating all aspects of the national security policy
Domestic Relief Operations - Federal Response Plan, State & Local Authorities; provide disaster assistance to support civil authorities responding to domestic emergencies National Level - The National Security Council (NSC) advises and assists the President in integrating all aspects of the national security policy
Domestic Relief Operations - Federal Response Plan, State & Local Authorities; provide disaster assistance to support civil authorities responding to domestic emergencies
National Level - The National Security Council (NSC) advises and assists the President in integrating all aspects of the national security policy
Domestic Relief Operations - Federal Response Plan, State & Local Authorities; provide disaster assistance to support civil authorities responding to domestic emergencies
40. Interagency Coordination Foreign Operations - Theater orientation, Dept. of Defense, Dept. of State, CIA, US Agency for International Development, Non-governmental Organizations, Regional & International Organizations
Conducted in line with treaties, conventions, and executive and other agreements to which the US is a party; relevant statute law; relevant federal and agency regulations
Foreign Operations - Theater orientation, Dept. of Defense, Dept. of State, CIA, US Agency for International Development, Non-governmental Organizations, Regional & International Organizations.
Foreign operations are conducted in line with treaties, conventions, and executive and other agreements to which the US is a party; relevant statute law; relevant federal and agency regulations.
Foreign Operations - Theater orientation, Dept. of Defense, Dept. of State, CIA, US Agency for International Development, Non-governmental Organizations, Regional & International Organizations.
Foreign operations are conducted in line with treaties, conventions, and executive and other agreements to which the US is a party; relevant statute law; relevant federal and agency regulations.
41. Interagency Coordination Civil Military Operations Center - facilitates the coordination of activities of military forces with US Government agencies
Liaison - maintains contact and communication between elements of military forces and other agencies
Civil Military Operations Center - facilitates the coordination of activities of military forces with US Government agencies
Liaison - maintains contact and communication between elements of military forces and other agencies
Civil Military Operations Center - facilitates the coordination of activities of military forces with US Government agencies
Liaison - maintains contact and communication between elements of military forces and other agencies
42. Law in SASO Applicable Bodies of Law
International Law
US Law
Host Nation Law Legal and Regulatory Considerations
Posse Comitatus Act
Title 10 USC
Foreign Assistance Act
Economy Act
Title 32 USC
Appropriations and Authorization Acts
Fiscal Law
Executive Orders
Law of Armed Conflict
International Agreements
Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief Act
The law in Stability Operations and Support Operation closely controls the actions of the armed forces. Military forces rely on a declaration of war, an executive order, or other legal authority to direct their action.
The following three bodies of law are relevant to the conduct of US military operations in peace and conflict:
International Law
US Law
Host Nation Law
The following legal and regulatory considerations show the complexities encountered in stability and support operations:
Posse Comitatus Act
Title 10 USC
Foreign Assistance Act
Economy Act
Title 32 USC
Appropriations and Authorization Acts
Fiscal Law
Executive Orders
Law of Armed Conflict
International Agreements
Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief Act
The law in Stability Operations and Support Operation closely controls the actions of the armed forces. Military forces rely on a declaration of war, an executive order, or other legal authority to direct their action.
The following three bodies of law are relevant to the conduct of US military operations in peace and conflict:
International Law
US Law
Host Nation Law
The following legal and regulatory considerations show the complexities encountered in stability and support operations:
Posse Comitatus Act
Title 10 USC
Foreign Assistance Act
Economy Act
Title 32 USC
Appropriations and Authorization Acts
Fiscal Law
Executive Orders
Law of Armed Conflict
International Agreements
Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief Act
43. War Powers Resolution - requires the President to consult with and report to Congress when introducing US Armed Forces:
Into hostilities
Into imminent involvement in hostilities
Into Foreign territories when equipped for combat
In numbers that increase the number of US forces equipped for combat in a foreign country
Claims Administration - occasions of personal injuries, deaths, and property damage claims by the foreign government
Use of Chemical Herbicides and Riot Control Agents - need prior presidential approval War Powers Resolution - requires the President to consult with and report to Congress when introducing US Armed Forces:
Into hostilities
Into situations where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances
Into Foreign territories when equipped for combat (except for supply, repair, replacement, and training)
In numbers that substantially increase the number of US forces equipped for combat in a foreign country
Claims Administration - occasions of personal injuries, deaths, and property damage claims by the foreign government; claims against the US that arise in foreign countries are adjudicated under several regulations and will not be paid if incident occurs as a result of combat activities of the US armed forces.
Use of Chemical Herbicides and Riot Control Agents - The secretary of defense is tasked with taking all necessary measures to ensure that US armed forces use neither chemical herbicides nor riot control agents without prior presidential approval.War Powers Resolution - requires the President to consult with and report to Congress when introducing US Armed Forces:
Into hostilities
Into situations where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances
Into Foreign territories when equipped for combat (except for supply, repair, replacement, and training)
In numbers that substantially increase the number of US forces equipped for combat in a foreign country
Claims Administration - occasions of personal injuries, deaths, and property damage claims by the foreign government; claims against the US that arise in foreign countries are adjudicated under several regulations and will not be paid if incident occurs as a result of combat activities of the US armed forces.
Use of Chemical Herbicides and Riot Control Agents - The secretary of defense is tasked with taking all necessary measures to ensure that US armed forces use neither chemical herbicides nor riot control agents without prior presidential approval.
44. Rules of Engagement ROE provide guidance regarding the use of force by commanders and individuals based on three types of considerations; operational requirements, policy, and law
Rules of Engagement (ROE) provide guidance regarding the use of force by commanders and individuals based on three types of considerations; operational requirements, policy, and law.
These rules do not limit a commanders inherent authority and obligation to use all necessary means available and to take all appropriate action in self-defense of the commanders unit and other US forces in the vicinity.Rules of Engagement (ROE) provide guidance regarding the use of force by commanders and individuals based on three types of considerations; operational requirements, policy, and law.
These rules do not limit a commanders inherent authority and obligation to use all necessary means available and to take all appropriate action in self-defense of the commanders unit and other US forces in the vicinity.
45. Rules of Engagement Self Defense - in all situations, soldiers and commanders use force based on necessity and proportionality
An effective ROE conforms to characteristics that are:
Understandable
Tactically sound
Legally sufficient
Responsive In self defense -- in all situations, soldiers and commanders use force based on necessity and proportionality.
An effective ROE conforms to characteristics that are: Understandable, Tactically sound, Legally sufficient, and Responsive
In self defense -- in all situations, soldiers and commanders use force based on necessity and proportionality.
An effective ROE conforms to characteristics that are: Understandable, Tactically sound, Legally sufficient, and Responsive
46. Rules of Engagement The standing ROE is a baseline guidance for US forces; provided by the joint chiefs of staff
Commanders and staffs at all echelons use the four facets of the interpret, draft, disseminate, and train methodology to incorporate ROE in military operations
The standing ROE is a baseline guidance for US forces; provided by the joint chiefs of staff.
Commanders and staffs at all echelons use the four facets of the interpret, draft, disseminate, and train methodology to incorporate ROE in military operations.The standing ROE is a baseline guidance for US forces; provided by the joint chiefs of staff.
Commanders and staffs at all echelons use the four facets of the interpret, draft, disseminate, and train methodology to incorporate ROE in military operations.
47. Rules of Engagement Considerations International Law
Operational concerns
Commanders intent
Threat
Tactics and weapons systems organic to the force
Legal requirements
US policy The following are considerations to have when making an ROE:
International Law
Operational concerns
Commanders intent
Threat
Tactics and weapons systems organic to the force
Legal requirements
US policyThe following are considerations to have when making an ROE:
International Law
Operational concerns
Commanders intent
Threat
Tactics and weapons systems organic to the force
Legal requirements
US policy
48. Characteristics of Insurgency Leadership
Ideology
Objectives
Environment and Geography
External Support
Phasing and Timing
Organizational and Operational Patterns The elements of insurgency help reveal the insurgencys strengths and weaknesses. Insurgency is not simply random political violence; it is directed and focused political violence. The elements of insurgency are:
Leadership
Ideology
Objectives
Environment and Geography
External Support
Phasing and Timing
Organizational and Operational Patterns
The elements of insurgency help reveal the insurgencys strengths and weaknesses. Insurgency is not simply random political violence; it is directed and focused political violence. The elements of insurgency are:
Leadership
Ideology
Objectives
Environment and Geography
External Support
Phasing and Timing
Organizational and Operational Patterns
49. Considerations
Negotiations do not exist in a vacuum
Negotiation is an exercise in persuasion
Study alternatives to negotiating an agreement
Be attuned to cultural difference
Procedures
Establish communications
Identify common ground on which to build dialogue
Consider cultural implications
Set clear goals and objectives
Develop a plan and diagram the results of analysis
Determine composition of negotiating team and decision making mechanisms
Establish the venue
Implementation
Training - essential for military officers in SASO; needing a conceptual foundation in conflict management and resolution Negotiation Military leaders can find themselves in the role of a negotiator, mediator, or even arbitrator during operations. Each role requires different attributes, but the following are the common attributes and techniques necessary for negotiations.
Considerations:
Negotiations do not exist in a vacuum
Negotiation is an exercise in persuasion
Study alternatives to negotiating an agreement
Be attuned to cultural difference
Procedures:
Establish communications
Identify common ground on which to build dialogue
Consider cultural implications
Set clear goals and objectives
Develop a plan and diagram the results of analysis
Determine composition of negotiating team and decision making mechanisms
Establish the venue
Implementation
Training - essential for military officers in SASO; needing a conceptual foundation in conflict management and resolution.
Military leaders can find themselves in the role of a negotiator, mediator, or even arbitrator during operations. Each role requires different attributes, but the following are the common attributes and techniques necessary for negotiations.
Considerations:
Negotiations do not exist in a vacuum
Negotiation is an exercise in persuasion
Study alternatives to negotiating an agreement
Be attuned to cultural difference
Procedures:
Establish communications
Identify common ground on which to build dialogue
Consider cultural implications
Set clear goals and objectives
Develop a plan and diagram the results of analysis
Determine composition of negotiating team and decision making mechanisms
Establish the venue
Implementation
Training - essential for military officers in SASO; needing a conceptual foundation in conflict management and resolution.
50. Refugees and Displaced Persons Role of the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) - Responsible to protect and assist these refugees and asylum seekers
Displaced Populations - Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons
Responsibilities of States - obligated to respect the prohibition against forcible return and protect refugees
Non-governmental Organizations - positioned to support international organizations
Population Movement - preflight, flight, arrival, asylum, repatriation, reintegration, etc.
Special Considerations - women, children, elderly, etc. Refugees and displaced persons are a central feature of many stability operations and support operations. Military forces do not have primary responsibility for the international response that assists refugees and displaced persons.
The following are different categories of these operations:
Role of the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) - Responsible to protect and assist these refugees and asylum seekers
Displaced Populations - Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons
Responsibilities of States - obligated to respect the prohibition against forcible return and protect refugees
Non-governmental Organizations - positioned to support international organizations
Population Movement - preflight, flight, arrival, asylum, repatriation, reintegration, etc.
Special Considerations - women, children, elderly, etc.Refugees and displaced persons are a central feature of many stability operations and support operations. Military forces do not have primary responsibility for the international response that assists refugees and displaced persons.
The following are different categories of these operations:
Role of the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) - Responsible to protect and assist these refugees and asylum seekers
Displaced Populations - Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons
Responsibilities of States - obligated to respect the prohibition against forcible return and protect refugees
Non-governmental Organizations - positioned to support international organizations
Population Movement - preflight, flight, arrival, asylum, repatriation, reintegration, etc.
Special Considerations - women, children, elderly, etc.
51. Summary
