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Animal Transport

Animal Transport. Transport is the circulation and distribution of materials. Ameba Paramecium. Transport is based on: Passive Transport: diffusion and osmosis Active Transport: contractile vacuole Cyclosis (cytoplasmic streaming). Cnidarians Coelenterates Hydra, jellyfish.

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Animal Transport

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  1. Animal Transport

  2. Transport is the circulation and distribution of materials. Ameba Paramecium Transport is based on: Passive Transport: diffusion and osmosis Active Transport: contractile vacuole Cyclosis (cytoplasmic streaming)

  3. Cnidarians Coelenterates Hydra, jellyfish Simple since cells are in close contact with environment

  4. Multicellular animals require efficient systems for exchange and transport. Open System: Transport fluid flows through freely through body cavities Closed System: Transport tissue flows within vessels

  5. Vertebrates have closed systems but vary in the heart chambers Fish: 2 Amphibian: 3 Mammal and Bird: 4 The four chamber heart separates oxygen rich from oxygen poor blood

  6. Human Circulation Trace the path of blood in the human system. Arteries: Arterioles: Capillaries: Veinioles: Veins: Intro to Circulation video

  7. Label the diagram of the heart. Oxygen rich/ oxygen poor? Heart video

  8. Control of the Heart Cycle Nerves send impulses to the “pacemaker” on the right atrium of the heart. Accelerator increases rate Vagus decreases rate Hormone adrenaline increases rate during the “fight / flight mechanism”

  9. How does the structure of the blood vessels compare?

  10. Vein Artery Blood Vessels Video

  11. Blood flow in the veins is aided by the surrounding muscles and valves that prevent back flow.

  12. Blood in the arteries is under pressure from the heart. Look at what happens to the blood flow as it passes through the vessels. Blood Pressure video

  13. How is blood pressure measured? Systolic is the pressure of the ventricles contracting Diastolic is the pressure during the relaxation or ventricles refilling. Pressure cuff is called a sphygmomanometer.

  14. Body blood flow is regulated by precapillary sphincters. Helps regulate heat exchange. What happens to your skin when you are cold? Hot?

  15. Components of the Blood

  16. Components of Blood Video

  17. Blood Clotting When does clotting occur?

  18. Leading Causes of Death(All figures are for U.S.) Final 2000 data Ten Leading Causes of Death in the U.S.:      Heart Disease: 710,760      Cancer: 553,091      Stroke: 167,661      Chronic Lower Respiratory Disease: 122,009      Accidents: 97,900      Diabetes: 69,301      Pneumonia/Influenza: 65,313      Alzheimer's Disease: 49,558      Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis: 37,251      Septicemia: 31,224 Final 2000 data:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/lcod.htm

  19. Comprehensive Health Care for Everyone: A Guide for Body, Mind, and Spiritby Thomas M. Collins (1995)

  20. Malfunctions of circulatory system: Heart attack: coronary arteries blocked Stroke: aneurism or clot in brain Hypertension: high blood pressure Normal Artery Atherosclerosis

  21. Coronary Arteries Bypass surgery

  22. Stroke Fact Sheet

  23. The Body’s Defense SystemChapter 31 Phagocytosis Lymphocytes

  24. The Germ Theory of Disease Diseases that are caused by pathogens are known as infectious diseases. Pathogens include certain bacteria, protozoans, fungi, and worms, and viruses. In the mid 1800’s, Louis Pasteur demonstrated the importance of microorganisms.

  25. Joseph Lister, an English surgeon, reduced infections in patients by washing hands and sterilizing equipment. Lister hypothesized that microorganisms caused infections that was killing 50% of his patients following surgery.

  26. Koch’s Postulates Robert Koch, a German physician, built upon the previous work of Pasteur and Lister.His method is used to identify the pathogens that cause specific diseases.

  27. Modern life has evolved in a world of microbes. Some are symbiotic and benefit metabolism but others are pathogenic TERMITES (Reticulitermes flavipes) Nitrogen fixing bacteria in the roots of legumes Enemy Within: Bacteria video Anthrax spores

  28. Viruses are “non-living” without a host. A protein coat and nucleic acids Virus video

  29. Diversity of animal viruses Measles

  30. Influenza Viruses 1918 Flu Epidemic Infectious disease video

  31. The Body’s Defense • Nonspecific defense against infection • a. Barriers external and internal • b. Phagocytic cells, complement proteins • c. Inflammatory response • Specific defense (immune system)

  32. First line of defense: Barriers • Intact skin: secretions create a pH of 3-5 • Mucous membranes • Tears, saliva contain antimicrobial proteins • Digestive system contains acids • Ciliated cells in trachea with mucous traps microbes prevents them from entering lungs Lining of trachea shows mucous producing cells and ciliated cells

  33. Second line of defense: Phagocytic Leukocytes (WBC) • Neutrophils 60-70% of all WBC short-lived phagocytes • Monocytes 5%, develop into macrophages • Basophils involved in the inflammatory response • Eosinophils involved in parasitic invaders • Natural killer cells destroy viral infected body cells

  34. Nonspecific defense Monocytes give rise to Macrophages Phagocytosis by macrophage The scanning electron micrograph above, shows a human macrophage (gray) approaching a chain of Streptococcus pyogenes (yellow). Riding atop the macrophage is a spherical lymphocyte.

  35. Inflammatory Response • During an inflammatory response, chemical signals trigger changes in blood vessels and attract white blood cells that help destroy the invaders • Histamines are released by basophils and mast Increased blood flow • Chemokines attract WBC • Increased Phagocytic activity

  36. Specialized Proteins Infected cells produce interferon, which stimulates noninfected cells to manufacture substances that block virus reproduction. This limits the spread of virus to neighboring cells.

  37. The Third Line: Targeted Defense isspecific immunity provided by Lymphocytes Antigens are the foreign molecules that elicits a specific response B and T lymphocytes have specific antigen receptors

  38. Development of Lymphocytes B cells are produced in bone and make antibodies T cells are produced in thymus and are known for the cellular response Helper T Cells Cytotoxic T Cells Both cells produce memory cells that give “permanent” immunity

  39. Pathway to specific immunity involves recognizing self from non-self. • Macrophages or infected cells present antigens (non-self molecules) to the lymphocytes. • Lymphocytes are specific to the antigens • B cells produce antibodies • Cytotoxic T cells kill infected body cells • Helper T cells stimulate other cells and defenses

  40. Pathway of a specific response to antigens Macrophages engulf and then display the antigens of pathogens they have "eaten." This display activates a specific version of helper T cells. The activated helper T cells in turn stimulate cytotoxic T cells and B cells.

  41. Macrophage and T cells interact to stimulate Helper T cells Cytotoxic T cells B cells CD4 is one of the receptor sites used by HIV virus.

  42. Cytotoxic T cells attack and destroy infected body cells

  43. B Lymphocytes are selected by specific antigens (foreign particles). Specific selection results in the cloning of the B cells and production of antibodies that “match” the antigen.

  44. Antibodies secreted by the B cells bind to antigens that have a complementary or matching shape.

  45. Antibodies have lots of different shapes that have the potential to bind to antigens.

  46. Antibodies interact with antigens and aid in elimination several ways.

  47. T Dependent Response Follow the steps that stimulate the production of antibodies

  48. Overview of the Immune Response

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