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subduction zone

Review:. Galápagos Islands. plate motion. subduction zone. Darwin. Wolf. Galápagos Islands. Cocos Plate. Nazca Plate. Pinta. Marchesa. Genovesa. Santiago. Fernandina. Santa Cruz. San Cristobal. Isabela. Santa Fe. Floreana. Espa ñ ola. Biogeography of Hawaii.

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subduction zone

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  1. Review: Galápagos Islands plate motion subduction zone

  2. Darwin Wolf Galápagos Islands Cocos Plate Nazca Plate Pinta Marchesa Genovesa Santiago Fernandina Santa Cruz San Cristobal Isabela Santa Fe Floreana Española

  3. Biogeography of Hawaii Volcano tops from Ocean Floor Remote Colonization Rare Adaptive Radiation of Founder Species Diagrams in this lecture are liberally adapted from: Wagner, W. L. and V. A. Funk. 1995. Hawaiian biogeography: evolution on a hot spot archipelago. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

  4. Loihi Origin of Island Archipelago North America Meiji Seamount Aleutian Islands • Hot spot moves or plates move over hot spot • Volcanoes build to surface then erode or subside • Current islands arose after previous islands were already submerged • Exceedingly limited island hopping Pacific Ocean Emperor Seamounts Hawaiian Emperor Bend Kure Midway Layann Necker Nihoa Kauai Oahu Hawaiian Ridge Maui Hawaii

  5. Motion of hotspot magma plume under plate Detroit 80 Ma Suiko 61 Ma Nintoku 56 Ma Time/motion data adapted from: Tarduno, et al. 2009. The bent Hawaiian-Emperor hotspot track: inheriting the mantle wind. Science 324: 50-53 Koko 49 Ma Diakakuji 47 Ma Midway 27 Ma Necker 10 Ma Plate motion over fixed hotspot

  6. Necker

  7. Necker

  8. Kauai Oahu Nihau Molokai Maui Lanai Kahoolawe Hawaii

  9. 7.5 Million Years Ago 22° Gardner Pinnacles La Perouse Pinnacles 20° Necker Nihoa 18° 160° 158° 156° 154°

  10. 5 Million Years Ago 22° Necker Nihoa 20° Kauai Nihau Kaula 18° 160° 158° 156° 154°

  11. 2.5 Million Years Ago 22° Nihoa Kauai 20° Oahu Nihau Kaula 18° 160° 158° 156° 154°

  12. 1 Million Years Ago 22° Nihoa Kauai Oahu 20° Nihau Maui Kaula 18° 160° 158° 156° 154°

  13. 0.5 Million Years Ago Nihoa 22° Kauai Oahu Nihau Kaula Maui 20° Mahukona 18° 160° 158° 156° 154°

  14. Present Kauai 22° Oahu Nihau Molokai Kaula Maui Lanai Kahoolawe Hawaii 20° Loihi Seamount 18° 160° 158° 156° 154°

  15. Island Appears Colonized by Plants Biota Establishes Biota Stabilizes Island Moves Away from Hot Spot Waif Founders Lack Competition Speciation: Adaptive Radiation to fill empty niches Endemic Species Sequence of Islands should reflect patterns of speciation Endemics found on just one island, one volcano Humans (about 10 BC) Introduced Exotic Species Endemics Poor Competitors…Extinct Island Development

  16. Endemic Terrestrial Species

  17. Cladistic Analysis • 1960s Development of Cladistic Analysis • Determines Possible Pathways of Evolution • Characters and Polarized Character States • Anatomy, Morphology, Behavior, Chemical, Gene Sequence • Plesiomorphies-Ancestral character states • Apomorphies-Derived character states • Construction of Cladogram-computers! • Reveal homoplasies (parallel, convergent), reversals • Most-parsimonious (fewest steps) cladogram • Not necessarily unique!

  18. How do you DO cladistics? • Look at a group of organisms that you think are related • Find a not-too-distantly related (primitive?) out-group • Select characters that will help to distinguish the organisms • Polarize the character states by: • Stratigraphic sequence (fossil sequence) • Developmental sequence (ontogeny recaps phylogeny) • Outgroup comparison • Build a data matrix • Group by number of synapomorphies (shared derived) • Sketch possible cladograms • Seek simplest (most parsimonious) cladogram

  19. OG E B A C D Asian Oahu Kauai Hawaii Maui Kauai E B A D C -- 2 Large Black Wide Wide Dark Wide Long Long Thick Long 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 3 2 5 1 2 3 5 -- 3 -- 7 -- 8 -- 5 -- 1 OG -- 9 -- 4 -- 10 -- 6

  20. Area cladogram showing progression process AsiaKauai Oahu Maui Hawaii OG E B A D C autapomorphies -- 2 black eye -- 7 long wing -- 3 wide neck -- 8 long leg -- 5 dark body -- 1 large eye -- 9 thick leg -- 4 wide body apomorphies -- 6 wide wing -- 10 long stinger plesiomorphies

  21. Island-Hopping Crickets!

  22. Island Hopping Crickets Prognathogryllus mauka puna spadix kohala weli waikemoi kipahulu kukui hana stridulans makai alternatus alapa opua kahea awili oahuensis elongatus epimeces hypomacron kahili parakahili alatus flavidus hea robustus pihea victoriae Hawaii Equivocal Island Formation Migration Time Maui Oahu Kauai

  23. More Island Hopping Crickets Laupala pruna cerasina kona hualalai fugax paranigra kohalaensis kolea nigra prosea eukolea vespertina pacifica tantalus hapapa kokeensis keahua Hawaii http://www.wam.umd.edu/~fergusd/Laup3.jpg Island Formation Migration Time Equivocal Maui Oahu Kauai

  24. Amazing Fruit Flies! • 511 of 2,300 endemic insects are drosophiloids • DNA sequences show 10 MYBP arrived Necker • Necker has subsided and lost habitat…now n=0 • All 511 endemic species are a single clade! • Analyzed by morphology, karyotype, molecular analysis Drosophila sproati http://www.msu.edu/~taylo110/DSproati.JPG

  25. Drosophilid Comparisons 15 D. melanogaster D. robusta D. melanica D. funebris D. pinicola D. imigrans D. repleta E. crassifemur S. exigua D. mimica D. sproati Zaprionus Chymomyza Hirtodrosophila Scaptodrosophila 16 Continental 16 8 9 7 9 6 7 8 Numbers of mtDNA base transitions 10 10 7 14 6 7 Purine AG 11 7 13 Pyrimidine CT 8 Hawaiian 10 10 11 11 38 Outgroups 16 Proper cladograms have branch length correlated to number of steps

  26. Primitive Phylogram of Drosophiloids chromosomal changes recticilia bostrycha disjuncta musaphilia gradata affinidisjuncta hawaiiensis grimshawl planitibia silvestris spectabilis differens heteroneura adiastola peniculipedis cilifera setosimentum hemipeza cyrtoloma picticornis clavisetae hanaulae oahuensis neoperkinsi arcuatus neopicta longiseta adunca nigribasis melanocephala mimica obscuripes yooni tanythrix cognata

  27. Drosophilid Area Cladogram Continental Oahu Molokai West Maui East Maui 1 East Maui 2 Hawaii Kona Hawaii Hilo Just as observed among crickets, these fruit flies radiate in ways that correlate with the biogeography of the Hawaiian Islands

  28. Spiders Spinning Southeast! Tetragnatha 5 T. pilosa 1 T. kauaiensis 6 T. perreirai 4 http://www.entomology.cornell.edu/Faculty_Staff/Blackledge/tetragnatha.JPG 4 2 T. tantalus T. kamakou Back dispersal 4 3 T. kamakou 4 3 3 2 2 T. quasimodo 1 T. waikamoi T. quasimodo 3 T. quasimodo 1 6 3 1 4 T. quasimodo T. polychromata 3 T. restricta 4 6 1 T. macracantha T. restricta 2 3 N T. brevignatha 4 1 T. brevignatha 3 T. stelarobusta 4 T. pallescens

  29. http://www.state.hi.us/dlnr/mfbp/images/akohekohe.jpg HoneycreepersofHawaii Vestiaria coccinea Palmeria dolei Extreme isolation limits vertebrate fauna No native amphibians No native reptiles 1 mammal (bat) 1 bird established and radiated into 33 extant and 14 extinct species! http://www.stanford.edu/~petelat1/ani5.jpg Hemignathus virens http://www.oahunaturetours.com/images/laysanfinch.jpg Telespiza cantans Hemignathus parvus http://www.uatuahine.hawaii.edu/hana/NaManu/iiwi/iiwi.jpeg http://www.stanford.edu/~petelat1/hcreepr1.jpg Vestiaria coccinea Oreomystis bairdi

  30. Honeycreeper Cladogram 9 Loxops caeruleirostris Loxops coccineus Hemignathus virens virens Hemignathus virens wilsoni Hemignathus virens steinegeri Palmeria dolei Himatione sanguinea Vestiaria coccinea Hemignathus parvus Oreomystis bairdi Telespiza cantans Paroreomyza montana Carpodacus mexicanus OG 10 15 mtDNA RFLP 11 19 6 7 11 17 7 7 8 11 23 11 11 8 19 29 6 33 26 37 Is this a phylogram, a cladogram, or an area cladogram?

  31. How about Plants?Hibiscadelphus Hibiscadelphus distans distans Kauai wilderianus Maui crucibracteatus Lanai giffardianus Hawaii hualalaiensis Hawaii bombycinus Hawaii progression adaptive radiation The phylogram is also an area cladogram showing the positive correlation between evolution and oceanic island biogeography. Photo Source: Unknown…If yours, please send email to rkoning@snet.net

  32. Silverswords Kauai-11 endemic http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/good-bad/images/iliau.jpg Oahu-2 endemic http://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/lrgimage/t172w01.jpg Wilkesia gymnoxiphium Dubautia paleata Maui Nui-7 endemic Argyroxiphium sandwicense Hawaii-3 endemic N Plus 5 indigenous species http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/dpal_chl.jpg

  33. Silversword Origins • Closest relatives are California tarweeds • 3,900 km open ocean crossing • Fruits too thin-walled to survive bird gut • Fruits do not float in sea water • Fruits too heavy to float on wind • Hairy and sticky sepals suggest bird attachment • Preened off on Kauai, then radiated and migrated

  34. Silversword Cladogram (simplified) Tarweed (California USA) OG Dubautia paleata Kauai Dubautia waialealae Kauai Dubautia laxa indigenous Wilkesia gymnoxiphium Kauai Wilkesia hobdyi Kauai Argyroxiphium caliginisMaui Argyroxiphium grayanumMaui Argyroxiphium virescensMaui Argyroxiphium sanwicenseM&H Argyroxiphium kauenseHawaii http://www.calflora.net/bloomingplants/images/redrocktarweed4.jpg

  35. Not all cladograms tell the same story! http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/ger_arb.jpg Geranium arboreum Geranium (pandemic) OG arboreum E. Maui subalpine multiflorumE. Maui subalpine cuneatumHawaii sub-alpine tridensE. Maui alpine hanaenseE. Maui bog humileW. Maui bog kauaiense Kauai bog http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/ger_han_cu.jpg http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/ger_cun_cu.jpg Geranium colonized “late” E. Maui and radiated and migrated, speciating most recently on Kauai with ecological correlations! Geranium cuneatum Geranium hanaense

  36. Tetramolopium colonized “late” E. Maui and radiated and migrated to the other islands humileE. Maui capillare W. Maui remyiW. Maui, Lanai rockiiMolokai sylvaeMolokai, Maui tenerrimumOahu arenariumE. Maui consanguineumHawaii conyzoidesMaui Nui, Hawaii lepidolumE. Maui, Lanai, Oahu http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/images/tet_hum.jpg Not all cladograms tell the same story! Tetramolopium humile

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