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Biosecurity in the Beef Cattle Operation

Biosecurity in the Beef Cattle Operation. D.L. Step, DVM, DACVIM Oklahoma State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Stillwater, OK. Goals. develop a better understanding of biosecurity levels of biosecurity herd additions human interactions other current disease concerns

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Biosecurity in the Beef Cattle Operation

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  1. Biosecurity in the Beef Cattle Operation D.L. Step, DVM, DACVIM Oklahoma State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital Stillwater, OK

  2. Goals • develop a better understanding of biosecurity • levels of biosecurity • herd additions • human interactions • other current disease concerns • have fun & ask questions

  3. Definitions: Biosecurity • plan or program to prevent the entry of infections agents, diseases, or problems into a herd or population • Not just a reaction to bio-terrorism! • “90% of what we’ve started doing we should have been doing anyway” – John Wagner, Colorado Beef, Lamar, Colo.

  4. Biosecurity, an issue at many levels 1. Global 2.National 3.State 4.Your place

  5. Biosecurity – Global level • Office of International Epizootics, OIE • Paris France • established 1924 as a result of Rinderpest outbreak in Belgium • mission – to insure transparency in the global disease situation • need to know – international trade www.oie.int

  6. Biosecurity - National Level Department of Homeland Security (DHS) - Four components 1. Customs and Border Patrol 2. Department of Agriculture • Ag Research Service • Animal Plant and Health Inspection Service (APHIS)

  7. Biosecurity - National LevelDepartment of Homeland Security (DHS) – Four components 3. Department of Health & Human Services 4. National Biodefense Analysis Countermeasures Center • analysis of emerging bio threats to people and agriculture • FBI – forensic analysis of bioterrorism events • joint effort of the above with Plum Island Research

  8. Risk • risk: likelihood of a hazard occurring • risk management: factors that influence the likelihood of a hazard occurring

  9. Risk • acceptable risk is a management decision • MUST define what level of risk the enterprise can tolerate or accept

  10. Risk or Biosecurity Management Plan • minimize the factors that increase risk • maximize the factors that reduce risk

  11. Assessments • producers goals • facilities • management ability • financial support

  12. Producer’s Goals • type of operation (examples) • seedstock producer • commercial cow/calf producer • stocker operator • feedlot operator • order buyer

  13. Facilities • isolation areas, separate hospital areas • storage (feedstuffs) • pastures (quantity, quality) • dead animal disposal • processing facilities

  14. Management and Labor • resource availability (management) • adequate labor • family support • hired or contracted • records • marketing

  15. Financial Support • resource availability (finances) • debt load • expansion ? • retirement

  16. Biosecurity Close to Home

  17. Level of Biosecurity – Most Common “The common disease prevention & control practices employed by the majority of beef herds today are inadequate to meet future demands. They rely on visual observation, regulatory compliance, vaccination, and limited attention to biosecurity of the herds making animal additions.” J.U. Thompson

  18. Q. Why is biosecurity important ?A. effects of disease on cash flow & equity.AND on the well being (welfare) of the animals

  19. decreased: • productivity • reproductive efficiency • increased: • illness • death loss • liability associated with selling infected animals • loss of marketing options • “Slaughter Only” - not music to the ears of a seed stock operator

  20. producer decision: Level of Biosecurity -or- Level of Risk Tolerance Level of Biosecurity

  21. 6 Levels of Biosecurity 1-closed herd [specific pathogen-free (SPF) herd] 2-no entry or reentry of animals 3-no entry of new animals but reentry allowed

  22. 6 Levels of Biosecurity(cont’d) 4-entry of new animals (known medical records) and isolation 5-entry of new animals (known medical records) and no isolation 6-entry of new animals (no medical records) and no isolation

  23. Basis for level chosen – Producer decision • stocker operator • wean at auction market • commercial operation that retains ownership through the harvest phase • seed-stock producer or international marketing

  24. Producer Goals and Assessment Human Interactions Herd Additions Other Current Animal Disease Issues

  25. HACCP – Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (When do you have control of the hazard?) • HA • identifies the health risks associated with the age and class of specified livestock • neonate, weaned, replacement heifers, cows, bulls • CCP • identifies the important POINTS of intervention for reducing risk of disease for the age and class of specified livestock

  26. Herd-Level Critical Control Points purchased animals herd replacements semen, embryos purchased products colostrum, feed, etc. visitors Livestock Herd neighbor’s herd wildlife other animals BEVO – Bird’s Eye View of your Operation

  27. Point of Diminishing Return Relationship of Treatment/Prevention Level and Losses Losses Control costs Control Costs Losses $  A B C Treatment/Prevention Level A= Increase control to reduce losses B= Keep incidence at optimal level C= Control costs outweigh losses

  28. Herd Replacements pre-entry tests isolation vaccination strategic placement within the herd

  29. Non-Pregnant Beef Heifer: Pre-entry • herd of origin information: • health (history of disease, BVDV, Johne’s Disease, Bangs, TB, etc) • vaccination protocol • parasite control measures

  30. Non-Pregnant Beef Heifer - Isolation • recommend: 60 day period, but ____ • strict traffic control • identify by herd of origin along with your numbering system • serum for further testing if necessary • coccidiostat in supplement

  31. Non-Pregnant Beef Heifer – Vaccination • vaccinate: prebreeding • discussion with Herd Health Program • internal and external parasite control • discussion with Herd Health Program

  32. Non-Pregnant Beef Heifer - Assimilation • turn out with bulls • virgin or Trichomonas negative bulls • tested negative for same disease as heifers • vaccinated for the same disease as heifers • deemed satisfactory potential breeder by Standardized BSE

  33. Environmental Assessment • MBWA • pastures, pens, lots, fences • working facilities • isolation areas? Management By Walking Around

  34. Producer Goals and Assessment Human Interactions Herd Additions Other Current Animal Disease Issues Environment Feed

  35. Feed and Water • Purchased vs Home Grown • Storage • Water Supply • Contamination

  36. Producer Goals and Assessment Human Interactions Herd Additions Other Current Animal Disease Issues Environment Bangs Feed TB Johne’s Disease Equipment BVDV

  37. Equipment • cattle trucks and trailers • feed delivery and supply vehicles • rendering trucks • manure spreaders • feed buckets • cleaning brushes

  38. Equipment (cont.) • calf pullers and chains • needles, syringes • dehorners • castration knives • working chutes

  39. Producer Goals and Assessment Human Interactions Herd Additions Other Current Animal Disease Issues Environment Bangs Feed TB Johne’s Disease Equipment BVDV People

  40. People • clothing • boots, coveralls, gloves • visitors • school groups, foreign visitors, tours • employees • veterinarians • sales representatives • relatives

  41. Producer Goals and Assessment Human Interactions Herd Additions Other Current Animal Disease Issues Environment Bangs Foot & Mouth Feed TB Johne’s Disease Equipment BVDV People

  42. “Foreign Animal Diseases” (FAD)“Exotic Diseases” • 50 animal diseases • not currently in the US • 13 have been eradicated from the US • many are zoonotic ZOONOTIC = a disease I can get from an animal • Rabies, Anthrax, Salmonella www.oie.int http://www.fao.org/ag/aAGA/AGAH/EMPRES/index.asp

  43. Foreign Animal Disease Potential Losses in: • production • death • markets and marketing • tourism – ask the British – ($7.5B)

  44. “Foreign Animal Diseases” (FAD)“Exotic Diseases” • listed are 13 FADs that affect cattle – classified as: • Highly Contagious diseases • Non-Highly Contagious diseases • Vector-Borne Contagious diseases • insect involved www.oie.int http://www.fao.org/ag/aAGA/AGAH/EMPRES/index.asp

  45. Foreign Animal Diseases – FADHighly Contagious • Foot & Mouth Disease

  46. FMD Costs • outbreak lasted seven months • ten million (10,000,000) animals killed • $4 billion in compensation, cleanup, export losses • $7.5 billion in lost tourism

  47. FMD - Occurrence • Countries/Continents • Asia • So. America • Great Britain • Europe • Africa

  48. FMD - Cause • Foot and Mouth virus • picornaviridae family • seven major serotypes, plus subtypes • no cross-protection • incubation 3 - 6 days

  49. FMD – Occurrence domestic animals cattle sheep goats pigs llamas • wildlife • deer • elk • antelope • bison • wild hogs

  50. FMD – Clinical Signs • dull, off feed, drool • vesicles (blisters) on lips, gums, tongue, nares, palate • often rupture before examination • vesicles (blisters) between toes and on coronary band, leading to lameness

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