ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR

1. ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR Introduction Organisations – for education, employment, health, travel, recreation etc. Organisations are not physical structures but made up of people who individually and collectively form an organisation to produce necessary goods and services.

2. Why organisations exist? Organisations provide us necessary goods and services and so are very useful in society. Further on to increase specialisation and division of labour. To make use of large scale technology. To manage external environment. To economise on transaction costs. To exert power and control for efficiency.

3. WHY OB HAS COME INTO PICTURE Today, running organisations with satisfied workforce is quite difficult because they are influenced by human behaviour. And this human behaviour is an important element in the functioning of an organisation. Behaviour is anything that one does.

4. This behaviour comes from / is made up of perceptions, values, motives, attitudes, understanding, beliefs, habits, culture, learning process etc. The characteristics of human behaviour are : – it is caused – goal oriented - motivated – can be disrupted by certain problems (frustration, conflicts, anxiety etc.) – observable – measurable – cause and effect relationship

5. - complex, may be orderly/arbitrary, systematic/random, - differs due to physiological, environmental, social and psychological variables. This knowledge of human behaviour needs to be studied and understood by people managing organisations to run them effectively. That’s how and why OB has come into the picture.

6. Organisational Behaviour Organisational Behaviour (OB) The study of actions that affect performance in the workplace. The goal of OB is to explain and predict actions and how they will affect performance. OB focuses on three levels: individual, group, and organisational. Win-win Situation A situation in which both parties get what they want.

7. ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR “Organisational Behaviour is concerned with the study of what people do in an organisation and how that behaviour affects the performance of the organisation.” (Robbins: 1998,9)

8. ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR The study of Organisational Behaviour involves: consideration of the interaction among the formal structure (organisational context in which the process of management takes place) the tasks to be undertaken the technology employed and the methods of carrying out work the behaviour of people the process of management the external environment

9. ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR Interrelated dimensions influencing behaviour: The Individual - working environment should satisfy individual needs as well as attainment of organisational goals. The Group - formal and informal. Understanding of groups complements a knowledge of individual behaviour. The Organisation - impact of organisation structure and design, and patterns of management, on behaviour. The Environment - technological and scientific development, economic activity, governmental actions.

10. DEFINITIONS KEITH DAVIS & NEWSTROM “OB is the study of application of knowledge of how people act or behave within an organisation”. FRED LUTHANS “OB is directly concerned with the understanding, prediction and control of human behaviour in an organisation.

11. In short, OB is……… the study of human behaviour, the study of human behaviour in organisations, the study of human behaviour at individual, group and organisational levels and application of that knowledge in improving organisational effectiveness.

12. NATURE OF OB A field of study and not a discipline. Interdisciplinary approach. An applied science and not a pure science. Normative and value centred. Humanistic and optimistic. Oriented towards Organisational objectives. A total systems approach.

13. FOUNDATIONS OF OB The subject of OB is based on a few fundamental concepts which revolve around the nature of people and organisation. OB, as a distinct study came into existence because of some key variables mentioned below:-

14. a) that there are individual differences b) that a whole person needs to be studied c) that behaviour of an individual is caused d) that every individual has dignity of his own e) that organizations are social systems f) that there exists a mutuality of interests among organisational members g) that people have their own perceptions, attitudes, values etc. h) that there exists a holistic approach towards OB

15. Scope of OB OB uses an applied behavioural science approach and is based on views and contribution from various behavioural disciplines such as Psychology, Sociology, Social Psychology, anthropology, Political Science and other discipline and other disciplines such as economics, Ethics, Mathematics and even Statistics.

16. Sociology Sociology is concerned with the study of people as part of the social system. It specifically studies social groups, social behaviour, society, group dynamics, team communication, organisational culture/ climate, etc.

17. Psychology Psychology is concerned with the study and understanding of human personality and behaviour, the traits, characteristics, perceptions, personality, attitudes, values, beliefs, and motives of individuals. As a science, psychology tries to measure, explain and at times even modify the behaviour of human beings.

18. Social Psychology This is a combination of both Psychology and Sociology. Social Psychologists are interested in areas related to measuring understanding, and change of attitudes, building healthy communication network and group decision making.

19. Political Science This discipline is mainly concerned with the building and structuring of powerful groups. Political scientists study the behaviours of individuals and groups within a political environment. It helps to understand conflict resolution, group coalition, allocation of power, and people manipulate power in their self interest. Poly-ticks

20. Anthropology It is the study of human race and its culture. It is related to the study of larger groups (societies), nations and cultures. It helps us to study global beliefs, customs, ideas and values and the wider process of socialisation.

21. Economics – optimum utilisation of physical and human resources. Ethics - establishments of standards of honesty, integrity, value, esteem, respect etc. Mathematics/statistics – involves the use of acts and figures and arriving at logical and demonstrable conclusions from bodies of knowledge and research. Engineering - helps in work measurement, productivity measurement, work flow analysis, product designs etc.

22. IMPORTANCE OF OB OB provides a road map to our organizational lives. The field of OB uses scientific research to help us understand and predict organizational life. It helps us influence organizational events viz. communicate effectively, manage conflicts, make better decisions, form effective work teams etc.

23. It helps an individual understand himself /herself and others better. It helps managers to get things done through delegation – understand motivation and what to be done to motivate subordinates. It is useful for maintaining cordial industrial relations. It is useful also in the field of marketing.

24. OBJECTIVES OF OB To maximise productivity, citizenship and satisfaction. To minimise absenteeism and turnover.

25. It is useful for pursuing a career in management to learn how to predict behaviour and apply it in meaningful way to make organisations more effective. It leads to higher productivity, profitability, growth and stability of business.

26. APPROACHES TO OB 1. HR Approach